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+WEBVTT
+
+00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:14.093
+_
+
+00:00:14.093 --> 00:00:17.083
+The <i>Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology</i> began with a promise
+
+00:00:20.045 --> 00:00:22.036
+A promise that with a
+devotion to technology,
+
+00:00:23.016 --> 00:00:26.064
+through vigorous study of math and science,
+we can engineer a better tomorrow,
+
+00:00:27.079 --> 00:00:29.027
+we can make a better world.
+
+00:00:35.037 --> 00:00:41.004
+In this story, we ask a simple
+question, Have we kept our promise?
+
+00:01:08.068 --> 00:01:13.078
+MIT was founded in 1861, but the institute
+as we know it today, was born in 1941,
+
+00:01:14.095 --> 00:01:40.021
+December 7th, 1941. No matter how long
+it may take us to overcome this premeditated
+
+00:01:40.022 --> 00:01:54.062
+invasion, the American people in their
+righteous mic will win through to absolute.
+
+00:02:00.063 --> 00:02:04.064
+Once news of the attack on Pearl Harbor
+reached the student body campus was in and
+
+00:02:04.064 --> 00:02:08.076
+uproar, students prepared
+to drop out in droves,
+
+00:02:08.076 --> 00:02:10.056
+ready to enlist in military service.
+
+00:02:13.053 --> 00:02:15.092
+Worried about the mass exodus
+of students from campus.
+
+00:02:15.096 --> 00:02:18.044
+President Compton urged students
+to finish their degrees.
+
+00:02:19.005 --> 00:02:23.040
+If students were desperate to answer
+the call to arms, then MIT would front line.
+
+00:02:31.090 --> 00:02:35.064
+MIT was well positioned to support the
+war effort having recently solved everything
+
+00:02:35.064 --> 00:02:42.092
+there is to know about boats from
+Pearl Harbor to the end of the war,
+
+00:02:43.003 --> 00:02:45.040
+United States would build
+nearly 6,000 ships.
+
+00:02:45.090 --> 00:02:49.032
+But building the most dominant nav force
+the world had ever seen was simply not
+
+00:02:49.032 --> 00:02:57.028
+enough. President Roosevelt had declared
+total war and any hope that the
+
+00:02:57.028 --> 00:03:00.036
+United States had of winning relied
+on mobilizing industrial potential of the
+
+00:03:00.036 --> 00:03:00.536
+nation.
+
+00:03:07.038 --> 00:03:11.060
+The US military needed MIT to develop
+fundamentally new technology and the
+
+00:03:11.060 --> 00:03:16.020
+institute administrators recognized as
+opportunity, namely President Compton and
+
+00:03:16.020 --> 00:03:19.044
+his colleague Boniva Bush, who
+is Dean of Engineering at the time.
+
+00:03:20.007 --> 00:03:23.092
+Vannevar Bush was a brilliant American
+engineer, born of a long line of
+
+00:03:23.092 --> 00:03:29.032
+Massachusetts boatman in 1915, having
+already invented a novel surveyor tool.
+
+00:03:29.051 --> 00:03:33.048
+Bush enrolled as a grad student at MIT
+and during the PhD in electrical engineering
+
+00:03:33.048 --> 00:03:34.036
+in only nine months.
+
+00:03:35.001 --> 00:03:39.012
+He began teaching at MIT in 1919 and
+extended his track record of innovation.
+
+00:03:39.084 --> 00:03:44.048
+First Bush developed Rectifier Tube,
+which radically simplified home radio and
+
+00:03:44.048 --> 00:03:46.020
+started a company called
+Raytheon, The Market.
+
+00:03:46.020 --> 00:03:51.068
+His device, one of his proudest inventions,
+was an analog computer for solving
+
+00:03:51.068 --> 00:03:53.020
+higher order differential equations.
+
+00:03:54.015 --> 00:03:57.012
+Bush was quoted saying that the
+computer represented an ideal,
+
+00:03:57.058 --> 00:04:00.012
+the ability to think straight
+in the midst of complexity.
+
+00:04:00.095 --> 00:04:01.056
+During
+
+00:04:01.056 --> 00:04:05.044
+World War ii, the Defense Department
+would run Bush's computer 24 hours a day.
+
+00:04:07.099 --> 00:04:08.048
+Bush
+
+00:04:08.048 --> 00:04:12.060
+Would go on to lead long and esteemed
+life advocating federal supportive scientific
+
+00:04:12.088 --> 00:04:14.024
+research and technological advancement.
+
+00:04:14.043 --> 00:04:17.056
+Ultimately leading to the creation
+of the National Science Foundation.
+
+00:04:18.083 --> 00:04:22.020
+Bush's are sent for from academia, began
+with the immense opportunity that World
+
+00:04:22.020 --> 00:04:26.024
+War II provided. He moved his career
+from MIT to the White House as Chief Science
+
+00:04:26.024 --> 00:04:29.096
+advisor to President Roosevelt, managing
+all defense contracts and spearheading the
+
+00:04:30.016 --> 00:04:31.076
+creation of the National
+Defense Research Committee.
+
+00:04:33.076 --> 00:04:36.076
+President Compton, a founding
+member of the ndrc,
+
+00:04:36.076 --> 00:04:38.064
+continued to serve as MIT president.
+
+00:04:38.064 --> 00:04:44.016
+Aligning the institute with the Warrior
+Compton was an impressive man as well,
+
+00:04:44.048 --> 00:04:46.036
+installed as president of the Institute.
+
+00:04:46.036 --> 00:04:50.032
+At the dawn of the Great Depression,
+he faced an anti-scientific culture and a
+
+00:04:50.032 --> 00:04:53.020
+financially crippled mit, an idealist.
+
+00:04:53.033 --> 00:04:57.044
+He overhauled MIT's engineering
+curriculum and infused the sense Vigo,
+
+00:04:57.044 --> 00:04:58.044
+it still known for today.
+
+00:05:00.009 --> 00:05:03.080
+He sought an education system in science
+and engineering that could propel the
+
+00:05:03.080 --> 00:05:04.032
+nation forward.
+
+00:05:04.078 --> 00:05:08.080
+And he later shaped other colleges in
+the institute's image as the head of multiple
+
+00:05:08.096 --> 00:05:12.020
+accreditation boards. Once
+World War II broke out,
+
+00:05:12.020 --> 00:05:16.004
+he was tasked with the most precious
+need of the US defense strategy rubber.
+
+00:05:16.095 --> 00:05:21.044
+With Southeast Asia, our prime rubber
+supplier now cut off from the allies the US
+
+00:05:21.044 --> 00:05:23.044
+scrambled for new sources
+of the strategic material.
+
+00:05:24.012 --> 00:05:27.096
+President Roosevelt appointed President
+Compton and other scientific leaders to
+
+00:05:27.096 --> 00:05:30.032
+quickly develop a strategy
+for synthetic production.
+
+00:05:30.085 --> 00:05:34.024
+It was the first test in just one month.
+
+00:05:34.026 --> 00:05:37.072
+The taskforce built and connected
+51 factories across the country.
+
+00:05:38.006 --> 00:05:41.056
+The success solidified MIT as an
+important gear in the warm machine.
+
+00:05:47.030 --> 00:05:51.012
+The war effort consumed MIT
+and MIT consumed the war.
+
+00:05:51.059 --> 00:05:55.056
+It's fair to say that to enroll at MIT
+was to enlist in the technological branch of
+
+00:05:55.056 --> 00:05:56.044
+the US Armed Forces.
+
+00:05:57.004 --> 00:05:59.068
+MIT's RAD lab built the first
+deployable radar machines.
+
+00:06:00.016 --> 00:06:00.096
+Professor
+
+00:06:00.096 --> 00:06:04.084
+Charles Stark Draper's instrumentation
+lab developed inertial navigation systems
+
+00:06:05.028 --> 00:06:08.048
+critical to ships, tanks, planes,
+and virtually everything that move.
+
+00:06:10.084 --> 00:06:15.048
+Professor Edgerton pioneered high speed
+photography critical for Connaissance and
+
+00:06:15.048 --> 00:06:16.096
+ultimately making D-Day possible.
+
+00:06:49.032 --> 00:06:50.070
+The war was won in Europe.
+
+00:06:54.034 --> 00:06:57.066
+Electricity was no longer bashing and
+Killian Quartz lights could come back on.
+
+00:06:58.029 --> 00:07:03.078
+Took a memory. At VE day, the institute
+celebrated in the only way it knew how by
+
+00:07:03.078 --> 00:07:05.094
+hosting a science fair showing off.
+
+00:07:05.094 --> 00:07:08.025
+All the technology developed
+during those few short years,
+
+00:07:44.084 --> 00:07:49.054
+but there was still one more enemy,
+and MIT had one more lap to fight it.
+
+00:08:09.035 --> 00:08:11.060
+With all of the projects
+successfully completed,
+
+00:08:12.008 --> 00:08:14.084
+institute students and faculty
+flock to Los Alamos.
+
+00:08:14.084 --> 00:08:27.016
+In an effort to bear the, the
+RAD Lab completely shut down.
+
+00:08:27.035 --> 00:08:28.068
+Emptying itself flows.
+
+00:08:28.068 --> 00:08:35.015
+Alamos, every department sent its best
+electrical engineers, physicists, chemists,
+
+00:08:35.015 --> 00:08:40.091
+and even photographers came together for
+their ultimate creation, pure destruction.
+
+00:09:08.080 --> 00:09:10.083
+He knew the world would not be the same.
+
+00:09:14.000 --> 00:09:19.031
+Few people laughed, few people cried.
+
+00:09:20.025 --> 00:09:21.066
+Most people were silent.
+
+00:09:25.034 --> 00:09:29.014
+I remembered the line
+from the Indu scripture.
+
+00:09:29.014 --> 00:09:42.038
+The Bible, Adi this knew, was trying
+to persuade the prince that he should do his
+
+00:09:42.038 --> 00:09:50.095
+duty and to impress him, takes
+on his multi-armed form and says,
+
+00:09:51.097 --> 00:09:53.035
+Now I am become deaf.
+
+00:09:54.005 --> 00:09:55.059
+The destroyer of worlds.
+
+00:09:58.062 --> 00:10:00.099
+I suppose we all thought
+that one way or another.
+
+00:10:01.014 --> 00:10:03.079
+Hello, I'm John Fitch,
+MIT Science Reporter.
+
+00:10:03.095 --> 00:10:07.059
+We're at the home of Dr. Vannevar
+Bush in Belmont, Massachusetts.
+
+00:10:07.094 --> 00:10:12.005
+He shared the enormous responsibility
+for the development and use of our most
+
+00:10:12.005 --> 00:10:14.005
+fearsome weapon, the atomic bomb.
+
+00:10:14.017 --> 00:10:15.037
+Let's meet Dr. Bush.
+
+00:10:15.084 --> 00:10:21.049
+Well, of course my first reaction was
+one of great relief that the program had been
+
+00:10:21.049 --> 00:10:23.088
+successful and the bomb
+had gone off on a schedule.
+
+00:10:24.063 --> 00:10:28.040
+Well, now when you go look back
+from a vantage point of 18 years, uh,
+
+00:10:28.053 --> 00:10:30.005
+do you have any regrets about it?
+
+00:10:30.046 --> 00:10:34.037
+No. Of course, President Truman
+made the decision to use the bomb,
+
+00:10:34.090 --> 00:10:37.069
+but I thought then, and I
+think now that he was right
+
+00:13:55.036 --> 00:13:58.015
+After successfully conquering
+the planet in the second World War.
+
+00:13:58.047 --> 00:14:05.024
+Life at MIT was peaceful, almost bucolic
+word spread of MIT's decisive role in the
+
+00:14:05.024 --> 00:14:08.028
+war and its prestige balloon
+as its acceptance rate rank.
+
+00:14:11.047 --> 00:14:15.039
+A focus on an enhanced student life emerged
+with ample funding for student groups,
+
+00:14:15.047 --> 00:14:17.044
+recreation, and additional dorms.
+
+00:14:18.086 --> 00:14:22.044
+The institute would be unrecognizable
+to a student from just 10 years prior.
+
+00:14:23.025 --> 00:14:25.080
+MIT had become a popular
+kid with powerful friends.
+
+00:14:38.079 --> 00:14:44.039
+This was made possible by MIT's now permanent
+wartime friends, the d o d, the cia,
+
+00:14:44.074 --> 00:14:46.063
+and countless private
+military contractors.
+
+00:14:47.033 --> 00:14:49.060
+Butcher own Athia was chief amongst them.
+
+00:14:51.038 --> 00:14:56.015
+Former GIS returned to a greatly expanded
+MIT living in highly experimental west
+
+00:14:56.015 --> 00:14:59.063
+campus housing, replete with solar panels
+and other cutting edge innovations.
+
+00:15:00.066 --> 00:15:03.100
+With the Lewis report, the undergraduate
+curriculum was overhauled.
+
+00:15:03.100 --> 00:15:07.043
+Once again. The report, which
+was more of a proclamation,
+
+00:15:07.067 --> 00:15:09.096
+broke up the institute
+into distinct schools.
+
+00:15:10.029 --> 00:15:17.088
+Science, engineering, architecture planning,
+and has coursework and humanities and
+
+00:15:17.088 --> 00:15:21.088
+social sciences was instituted as a
+requirement for all undergraduates with no
+
+00:15:21.088 --> 00:15:34.060
+exceptions. The report
+also exposed an epidemic.
+
+00:15:34.060 --> 00:15:38.084
+Of course, Bibles compilations of
+past exams and problem sets with answers
+
+00:15:38.084 --> 00:15:46.012
+included. A radical demographic
+shift was also underway.
+
+00:15:46.059 --> 00:15:50.048
+Over the course of the decade, the undergraduate
+population of women grew by 50
+
+00:15:51.035 --> 00:15:52.004
+students.
+
+00:15:53.060 --> 00:15:59.056
+About 100 co-eds attend MIT and participate
+in all aspects of student affairs.
+
+00:15:59.086 --> 00:16:04.036
+The girls have their own social rooms
+in the main school building inside this door.
+
+00:16:04.036 --> 00:16:10.029
+It's strictly no men allowed Hear the
+co-eds congregate between classes and relax
+
+00:16:10.029 --> 00:16:12.092
+from the pressure of class
+work among other things.
+
+00:16:13.004 --> 00:16:14.097
+This is the girls' Communication Center.
+
+00:16:15.038 --> 00:16:19.081
+In typical feminine fashion, the girls
+take time out to gossip about clothes and
+
+00:16:19.081 --> 00:16:25.000
+dates, exchange news, and congratulate
+or sympathize with one another about their
+
+00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:30.077
+grades. MIT co-eds are gifted musically
+too and relax in this enjoyable manner.
+
+00:16:30.088 --> 00:16:35.064
+After finishing with gossiping and other
+talk, when studying in the horizontal,
+
+00:16:35.064 --> 00:16:38.005
+one must be prepared to
+accept this consequence.
+
+00:16:38.100 --> 00:16:43.077
+Here, the girls study in complete silence
+and the signs of intense concentration
+
+00:16:43.085 --> 00:16:46.064
+are evident well, most
+of the time anyway.
+
+00:16:46.077 --> 00:16:50.005
+After all, the studious beaver
+is also the social beaver.
+
+00:16:50.031 --> 00:16:54.061
+And what is more natural than planning
+and daydreaming about that new evening gown.
+
+00:16:56.058 --> 00:17:01.064
+In 1955, the institute established the
+Office of Minority Education to promote
+
+00:17:01.064 --> 00:17:03.092
+inclusion for the growing number
+of Irish and Italian students.
+
+00:17:05.009 --> 00:17:06.097
+MIT's non-white population quickly grew.
+
+00:17:09.036 --> 00:17:14.005
+This family from the Philippines is a
+reminder that MIT has the most cosmopolitan
+
+00:17:14.005 --> 00:17:19.013
+student body of any college or university
+in the United States with nearly every
+
+00:17:19.013 --> 00:17:20.049
+country in the world represented.
+
+00:17:21.027 --> 00:17:27.009
+The core of MIT's success is its power
+to vitalize its students hidden reserve of
+
+00:17:27.009 --> 00:17:28.033
+energy and imagination.
+
+00:17:28.084 --> 00:17:33.024
+This the classroom cannot do alone
+for the social life of the student is the
+
+00:17:33.045 --> 00:17:36.061
+catalyst. MIT provides
+all the ingredients needed.
+
+00:17:36.099 --> 00:17:42.013
+Our social beaver has rare extracurricular
+opportunities and does indeed use them
+
+00:17:42.013 --> 00:17:42.513
+well.
+
+00:18:11.013 --> 00:18:15.047
+Before our story begins, let
+<inaudible> setting for Boston,
+
+00:18:15.047 --> 00:18:17.003
+we see a of technology.
+
+00:18:18.001 --> 00:18:21.038
+MIT is best known for the scientists
+and engineers who have studied there,
+
+00:18:21.072 --> 00:18:25.047
+but much of MIT's campus houses,
+laboratories, and research project,
+
+00:18:25.070 --> 00:18:29.003
+which provides a stimulating
+practice for faculty and students.
+
+00:18:29.028 --> 00:18:33.011
+On the edge of the campus is the digital
+Computer laboratory home of Project
+
+00:18:33.011 --> 00:18:33.511
+Whirlwind.
+
+00:18:34.039 --> 00:18:38.047
+In the late 1950s, MIT was at
+the forefront of digital computing.
+
+00:18:39.013 --> 00:18:44.018
+Claude Shannon was pioneering information
+theory introducing binary digits or bits
+
+00:18:44.024 --> 00:18:45.038
+to encode information.
+
+00:18:48.005 --> 00:18:51.087
+His colleague, Perry Crawford helped
+develop whirlwind a state-of-the-art digital
+
+00:18:52.022 --> 00:18:53.059
+computer that became
+the standard for all.
+
+00:18:53.059 --> 00:18:54.011
+That followed
+
+00:18:55.024 --> 00:18:59.083
+The Amatic element where the Arithmetics
+performed consists of 16 racks.
+
+00:19:00.010 --> 00:19:04.001
+Each rack handles one of the
+16 binary digits rising of Word.
+
+00:19:04.068 --> 00:19:08.088
+Harry and Claw developed their work under
+the mentorship of a shared advisor for
+
+00:19:08.088 --> 00:19:18.020
+Neva Bush. Other professors were also
+hard at work, bolstering MIT's reputation.
+
+00:19:21.036 --> 00:19:25.005
+Professors Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy
+founded a groundbreaking computer
+
+00:19:25.005 --> 00:19:28.040
+science lab, and in the process coined
+a term that would change the world.
+
+00:19:28.091 --> 00:19:30.028
+Artificial intelligence.
+
+00:20:02.006 --> 00:20:03.004
+Now, what are they doing?
+
+00:20:03.004 --> 00:20:05.072
+Showing the computer the
+alphabet for the first time?
+
+00:20:05.098 --> 00:20:06.040
+Yes.
+
+00:20:06.040 --> 00:20:08.072
+In just the same way the teacher
+did with a child letter.
+
+00:20:09.010 --> 00:20:12.000
+The longer the line, the
+sure the computer is of its
+
+00:20:16.063 --> 00:20:22.084
+Answer's indicated that
+bottom bar 80% sure.
+
+00:20:23.007 --> 00:20:23.507
+Pretty good.
+
+00:20:24.042 --> 00:20:25.068
+Now, do you call that learning?
+
+00:20:26.055 --> 00:20:30.072
+Well, I know that if my wife and I
+saw our kids going through that process,
+
+00:20:30.072 --> 00:20:31.072
+we'd call it learning.
+
+00:20:32.045 --> 00:20:34.052
+So machines really can learn.
+
+00:20:34.083 --> 00:20:36.096
+With the Cold War simulating
+in the background,
+
+00:20:37.086 --> 00:20:41.060
+MIT expanded it's pursuit of science
+and engineering for a better world.
+
+00:20:42.082 --> 00:20:45.096
+Doc Draper's lab continued producing
+guidance systems for the military
+
+00:20:51.026 --> 00:20:54.080
+and the Lincoln Laboratories were founded
+to strengthen the link between MIT and
+
+00:20:54.080 --> 00:21:02.064
+the Department of Defense. Recruiting
+pipelines were engineered from the institute
+
+00:21:02.064 --> 00:21:06.012
+to the cia, d o d and private
+military contractors,
+
+00:21:06.055 --> 00:21:09.080
+ensuring government access to
+MIT's most valuable resource.
+
+00:21:14.065 --> 00:21:18.092
+Towards the end of the fifties, a satellite
+Lincoln Labs detected something it had
+
+00:21:18.092 --> 00:21:24.024
+never detected before, something
+no one had ever detected before.
+
+00:21:35.027 --> 00:21:36.028
+Medium range
+
+00:21:37.005 --> 00:21:37.505
+Me
+
+00:21:38.036 --> 00:21:40.032
+Military buildup on the island of
+
+00:21:41.060 --> 00:21:48.016
+Among the stars, like the
+
+00:21:48.016 --> 00:21:53.048
+Purpose of these bases can be none
+other Then to provide a nuclear strike
+
+00:21:53.048 --> 00:22:00.028
+capability against the Western Hemisphere,
+we choose to go to the moon in this
+
+00:22:00.028 --> 00:22:02.004
+decay and do the other thing
+
+00:22:02.093 --> 00:22:05.052
+To boldly go When no man has gone before,
+
+00:22:08.035 --> 00:22:12.064
+Fill my heart with and let sing
+
+00:22:14.058 --> 00:22:17.068
+The apparently official President Kennedy
+
+00:22:18.019 --> 00:22:19.056
+Died at one.
+
+00:22:20.048 --> 00:22:23.016
+Shall Hannah overcome.
+
+00:22:23.055 --> 00:22:24.064
+Stop sweet talking.
+
+00:22:25.015 --> 00:22:26.000
+Tell him how.
+
+00:22:26.086 --> 00:22:31.048
+And let's to clean his house up.
+
+00:22:33.013 --> 00:22:36.072
+He shouldn't have a house
+should catch on fire.
+
+00:22:37.087 --> 00:22:38.048
+Burned
+
+00:23:12.067 --> 00:23:13.016
+Fill
+
+00:23:13.033 --> 00:23:14.084
+My heart with song.
+
+00:23:15.062 --> 00:23:17.068
+Let me sing Forever
+
+00:23:40.089 --> 00:23:47.060
+In love
+
+00:23:49.037 --> 00:23:50.056
+In a nation's pledge.
+
+00:23:50.070 --> 00:23:52.040
+Now been fulfilled.
+
+00:23:52.054 --> 00:23:54.056
+The lunar age has begun.
+
+00:23:57.050 --> 00:23:58.064
+You, man.
+
+00:23:58.064 --> 00:24:01.008
+On the moon. Oh boy.
+
+00:24:01.098 --> 00:24:06.004
+Boy. We're gonna be busy for
+a minute while they say something.
+
+00:24:06.004 --> 00:24:06.504
+I'm speechless.
+
+00:24:14.056 --> 00:24:17.071
+Hi. Uh, could I have
+the um, noodle salad?
+
+00:24:17.071 --> 00:24:20.031
+Yes. With, uh, tofu as the protein?
+
+00:24:20.031 --> 00:24:23.007
+Yeah. And, uh, soy drizzle
+as the dressing.
+
+00:24:23.007 --> 00:24:24.015
+Okay. Anything else?
+
+00:24:24.032 --> 00:24:25.019
+Uh, that's all.
+
+00:24:25.022 --> 00:24:26.027
+Okay, thank you.
+
+00:24:26.060 --> 00:24:27.019
+No problem.
+
+00:24:34.051 --> 00:24:38.010
+If you read through the campus newspaper
+from all the years before World War ii,
+
+00:24:38.020 --> 00:24:41.070
+you would think Yeah, an engineer
+definitely wrote this.
+
+00:24:41.083 --> 00:24:45.090
+It is the most dry end dispassionate
+newspaper I've ever read.
+
+00:24:46.005 --> 00:24:50.062
+It's barely more than a list of academic
+deadlines and updates about how poorly the
+
+00:24:50.082 --> 00:24:53.030
+athletic teams are doing.
+Uh, pretty boring stuff.
+
+00:24:53.047 --> 00:24:55.038
+Uh, but Pearl Harbor changes all that.
+
+00:24:55.080 --> 00:24:58.050
+You see, when there is a
+national directive in place,
+
+00:24:58.050 --> 00:25:01.094
+when resources and efforts
+are consolidated,
+
+00:25:01.094 --> 00:25:04.058
+the institute really becomes impassioned.
+
+00:25:04.058 --> 00:25:09.018
+It finds its purpose, and in the 1960s,
+that directive was the space rich.
+
+00:25:09.029 --> 00:25:14.074
+5 4 3, 2, 1 0.
+
+00:25:15.016 --> 00:25:16.034
+All engine runs.
+
+00:25:28.060 --> 00:25:33.067
+Today's big picture will reveal the dramatic
+suspenseful story of how the army,
+
+00:25:33.086 --> 00:25:38.043
+when the Prestiges of the United States
+throughout the world had been shaken by
+
+00:25:38.043 --> 00:25:42.099
+events beyond its control, stirred the
+hearts and emotions of the American people
+
+00:25:43.018 --> 00:25:46.091
+with an epic display of scientific
+and technical teamwork.
+
+00:25:47.066 --> 00:25:52.063
+When NASA began operations on October
+1st, 1958, it already had connections to mit.
+
+00:25:53.037 --> 00:25:56.083
+MIT president, Dr. James Killian, was
+serving a special assistant for science and
+
+00:25:56.083 --> 00:25:58.035
+technology to President Eisenhower.
+
+00:25:58.076 --> 00:26:01.099
+It was Dr. Killian who recommended
+that the National Advisory Committee for
+
+00:26:01.099 --> 00:26:05.031
+Aeronautics be transformed to the National
+Aeronautics and Space Administration.
+
+00:26:05.076 --> 00:26:09.043
+Several other notable figures from the
+early years of NASA were MIT faculty and
+
+00:26:09.043 --> 00:26:14.039
+alumni. Professor Jerome c Hunsaker
+served as chairman of NACA in the fifties,
+
+00:26:14.039 --> 00:26:18.035
+Professor Rayman l Biling Hoff was
+NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced
+
+00:26:18.051 --> 00:26:21.087
+Research and Technology. Professor Robert
+Siemens served as deputy administrator.
+
+00:26:21.094 --> 00:26:25.019
+John McCarthy was the chief engineer
+of the Space Systems Division at North
+
+00:26:25.051 --> 00:26:28.079
+American Aviation, the NASA contractor
+that built the Apollo commanded service
+
+00:26:28.079 --> 00:26:32.095
+modules. Joseph g Gavin was president
+of the Grumman Corporation and oversaw
+
+00:26:32.095 --> 00:26:34.035
+construction of Apollo's Luna Module.
+
+00:26:38.018 --> 00:26:41.019
+Many of the Apollo era astronauts
+were also MIT alumni.
+
+00:26:45.018 --> 00:26:49.003
+Once formed, NASA began to innovate
+at a pace that has never been seen by any
+
+00:26:49.003 --> 00:26:49.503
+institution since.
+
+00:26:50.060 --> 00:26:54.063
+Project Mercury kicked off in the first
+days of NASA to probe the most fundamental
+
+00:26:54.091 --> 00:26:56.023
+questions associated with space travel.
+
+00:26:56.089 --> 00:27:01.047
+Its mission was to orbit a man spacecraft
+around Earth to investigate how a human
+
+00:27:01.047 --> 00:27:05.051
+body functions in space, and to safely
+return an astronaut and spacecraft to
+
+00:27:05.051 --> 00:27:05.551
+ground.
+
+00:27:07.011 --> 00:27:10.083
+After Alan, she became the second man
+and first American to orbit the earth and
+
+00:27:10.083 --> 00:27:14.067
+return safely. President Kennedy announced
+the directive of landing a man on the
+
+00:27:14.067 --> 00:27:20.091
+moon. 10 weeks later, the first major
+contract of the Apollo program was awarded to
+
+00:27:20.091 --> 00:27:23.027
+NASA's older brother mit.
+
+00:27:25.013 --> 00:27:27.059
+The contract was for the navigation
+and guidance system,
+
+00:27:27.059 --> 00:27:30.071
+the autopilot that would get the
+astronauts from Earth to Luna Orbit.
+
+00:27:31.005 --> 00:27:35.019
+The contract was awarded to the MIT
+Instrumentation Lab led by Dr. Draper.
+
+00:27:35.063 --> 00:27:38.027
+Hello, I'm John Fitch, MIT Science.
+
+00:27:38.027 --> 00:27:42.019
+Before today, we're at the
+MIT Instrumentation Laboratory,
+
+00:27:42.031 --> 00:27:47.003
+which has been given design responsibility
+for this guidance and navigation system,
+
+00:27:47.015 --> 00:27:51.047
+which will direct our Apollo spacecraft
+ons way to the Bulls facts.
+
+00:27:52.032 --> 00:27:58.010
+At one time, direction of the rising
+sun rapid winding riverbed with all the fan
+
+00:27:58.010 --> 00:28:00.098
+needed is restless search for new land.
+
+00:28:01.054 --> 00:28:06.042
+Today we speak of traversing a billion
+miles of empty space where there is no
+
+00:28:06.042 --> 00:28:11.070
+north, no south, no rising, north
+setting sun, not even any up or down.
+
+00:28:12.025 --> 00:28:15.078
+It's an extremely complicated
+pass requiring many,
+
+00:28:15.078 --> 00:28:18.042
+many measurements and
+billions of calculation.
+
+00:28:18.056 --> 00:28:22.082
+The guidance system operating at a 12
+microsecond clock speed performed flawlessly
+
+00:28:22.082 --> 00:28:24.002
+through nine flights to the moon.
+
+00:28:24.058 --> 00:28:27.046
+Astronaut David, a Scott called
+it a tremendous machine,
+
+00:28:27.083 --> 00:28:29.090
+so reliable that they
+never needed the backups.
+
+00:28:39.052 --> 00:28:44.090
+The space age Ushered in many of the
+technologies that have become ubiquitous of
+
+00:28:44.090 --> 00:28:46.066
+the most notable was
+satellite television.
+
+00:28:47.075 --> 00:28:51.062
+In 1962, Lincoln Laboratories transmitted
+television via satellite.
+
+00:28:51.062 --> 00:28:55.002
+For the first time using NASA's
+Echo one balloon satellites,
+
+00:28:55.012 --> 00:28:58.026
+the picture transmitted 2,700
+miles across the country.
+
+00:28:58.048 --> 00:29:00.098
+Was short and simple, just three letters.
+
+00:29:06.008 --> 00:29:11.026
+The space race was cool, but it's the
+social change at MIT that I find truly
+
+00:29:11.026 --> 00:29:16.054
+remarkable. In 1964, we got McCormick
+McCall, the first and only campus dorm built
+
+00:29:16.054 --> 00:29:21.010
+for women. The population of female
+undergrads grew to over 150 because
+
+00:29:21.010 --> 00:29:22.002
+You know, they're older people.
+
+00:29:22.002 --> 00:29:24.094
+You know, you get yeah, your freshman
+year and you can have the attitude of
+
+00:29:24.094 --> 00:29:26.018
+enjoying what you're learning.
+
+00:29:26.042 --> 00:29:27.050
+Somewhat <laugh>, right?
+
+00:29:27.050 --> 00:29:31.034
+Especially since it just, it
+makes such a better atmosphere.
+
+00:29:31.057 --> 00:29:35.070
+I came up here and visited last year
+and I met lots of nice people and I went to
+
+00:29:35.070 --> 00:29:38.002
+classes and things, and it seemed
+like a really great place.
+
+00:29:38.029 --> 00:29:42.018
+Social life is nothing to snub and
+the 20 to one ratio, you can't lose.
+
+00:29:55.082 --> 00:29:58.079
+I have not money.
+
+00:30:00.075 --> 00:30:05.011
+1964 is also when Shirley and Jackson
+arrives on campus at the time.
+
+00:30:05.011 --> 00:30:10.019
+She's won of fewer than 20 black students
+at MIT in 1968 when she and fellow
+
+00:30:10.019 --> 00:30:13.075
+student Jennifer Rudd graduate, they're
+the first black women to earn their
+
+00:30:13.075 --> 00:30:15.043
+undergraduate degrees in mit.
+
+00:30:15.048 --> 00:30:21.003
+Jackson goes on to become the first black
+woman to earn a doctorate in mit and the
+
+00:30:21.003 --> 00:30:23.099
+second black woman in the United
+States to earn a doctorate in physics.
+
+00:30:24.091 --> 00:30:28.099
+1968 is also the founding year of the
+Black students union with Jackson leading it
+
+00:30:28.099 --> 00:30:29.075
+in its first year.
+
+00:30:30.009 --> 00:30:34.071
+The MIT Black Student Union
+was formed last spring to,
+
+00:30:35.012 --> 00:30:39.059
+to bring together black students to see
+what they had in their minds and to see
+
+00:30:39.059 --> 00:30:44.043
+what we could do. We presented our proposals
+this fall to the administration, uh,
+
+00:30:44.051 --> 00:30:47.067
+about, uh, getting more
+black students at mit.
+
+00:30:47.067 --> 00:30:51.003
+Hopefully, we'll have a hundred
+freshmen in the fall,
+
+00:30:51.051 --> 00:30:55.095
+although this may be kind
+of a naive, uh, estimate.
+
+00:30:56.060 --> 00:30:59.039
+It might be an overestimation,
+but we are trying,
+
+00:30:59.039 --> 00:31:03.007
+and now we're in the process
+of recruiting black students
+
+00:31:10.047 --> 00:31:11.063
+After McCormick call.
+
+00:31:11.063 --> 00:31:13.063
+There are a number of
+other changes to campus.
+
+00:31:13.093 --> 00:31:16.091
+The green building is completed in 1964.
+
+00:31:17.026 --> 00:31:20.055
+E 53 and E 55 followed
+shortly thereafter.
+
+00:31:20.073 --> 00:31:23.055
+And in 1965, the student center opened.
+
+00:31:23.085 --> 00:31:27.043
+You can imagine how much construction
+must have been going on at that time.
+
+00:31:33.070 --> 00:31:36.079
+Many of MIT's characteristic institutions
+were born in this era.
+
+00:31:38.001 --> 00:31:43.031
+The interface edge program began in 1969,
+the same year that Margaret mc launched
+
+00:31:43.031 --> 00:31:45.015
+the undergraduate research
+opportunities program.
+
+00:31:51.012 --> 00:32:01.039
+In 1968, MIT and Wellesley began
+the cross registration program pass.
+
+00:32:01.039 --> 00:32:04.023
+Fail grading was also implemented
+for students first two semesters.
+
+00:32:07.080 --> 00:32:09.059
+Uh, the school here is
+
+00:32:11.006 --> 00:32:14.083
+Sort of a machine where you go in and
+they pound math and science into your head
+
+00:32:15.035 --> 00:32:17.099
+about six or seven hours a day.
+
+00:32:19.009 --> 00:32:24.063
+And when you get out of here,
+you can do any engineering problem.
+
+00:32:25.060 --> 00:32:31.055
+Of course, there don't seem to be
+very concerned with how much emotion or
+
+00:32:31.055 --> 00:32:34.003
+creativity or individuality
+that you have left.
+
+00:32:34.072 --> 00:32:39.036
+They're not, There's no set
+pattern of destroying this.
+
+00:32:39.048 --> 00:32:48.088
+It just seems that in learning so much
+that is cold and unemotional so quickly,
+
+00:32:49.082 --> 00:32:54.028
+you don't have time to develop the emotional
+responses that are usually associated
+
+00:32:54.028 --> 00:32:56.059
+with, let's say, a more
+liberal education.
+
+00:32:56.094 --> 00:33:00.007
+People. People plan their
+time very carefully.
+
+00:33:00.007 --> 00:33:01.099
+They, they budget their
+time for their classes.
+
+00:33:01.099 --> 00:33:04.023
+They budget their time
+even for their dates.
+
+00:33:04.023 --> 00:33:06.083
+You know, it's, it's, it's as if their,
+
+00:33:06.083 --> 00:33:12.035
+their whole social life were compartmentalized
+into this five or six hours on
+
+00:33:12.051 --> 00:33:14.075
+Saturday night, because that's
+the time they have to spend on it.
+
+00:33:56.087 --> 00:33:58.063
+Could you lower those signs, please?
+
+00:34:01.022 --> 00:34:03.095
+I have some very sad news for all of you.
+
+00:34:04.085 --> 00:34:09.070
+And that is that Martin Luther King was
+shot and was killed tonight in Memphis.
+
+00:34:11.076 --> 00:34:16.059
+In April, 1968, the MIT community mourned
+the passing of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther
+
+00:34:16.059 --> 00:34:18.063
+King Jr. Classes were canceled.
+
+00:34:18.063 --> 00:34:21.018
+Commemorative art exhibits were
+put on display around campus,
+
+00:34:21.037 --> 00:34:23.051
+and students took time
+to reflect on their place.
+
+00:34:23.051 --> 00:34:24.043
+In a changing nation.
+
+00:34:24.053 --> 00:34:27.043
+The everyone's birthday would soon
+become a designated institute holiday.
+
+00:34:27.066 --> 00:34:31.099
+Years before it was made, a federal holiday
+celebrated annually with the March a
+
+00:34:31.099 --> 00:34:34.011
+guest speaker and other
+memorial activities.
+
+00:34:39.035 --> 00:34:46.007
+Therefore, and beyond this, I think the
+students of today are the sensitive edge of
+
+00:34:46.007 --> 00:34:52.027
+society that is pressing against the
+dehumanizing elements of technocracy.
+
+00:34:53.003 --> 00:34:59.087
+Human personality and values have
+been in a losing war with the impersonal
+
+00:34:59.087 --> 00:35:03.063
+operation of a rapidly
+evolving complex society.
+
+00:35:05.003 --> 00:35:08.074
+We are a nation incomparable
+in wealth and power,
+
+00:35:09.081 --> 00:35:13.011
+but impoverished spiritually
+and psychologically.
+
+00:35:14.041 --> 00:35:20.074
+Our activities generate, uh, bewildering
+array of material goods and no
+
+00:35:20.093 --> 00:35:21.078
+satisfactions.
+
+00:35:22.085 --> 00:35:28.007
+Our machines have grown so large
+and we have become so small.
+
+00:35:29.052 --> 00:35:32.023
+We no longer asked for
+what purpose they are made.
+
+00:35:32.093 --> 00:35:39.043
+I must confess that, uh, that dream that
+I had that day has a minute points turned
+
+00:35:39.043 --> 00:35:40.055
+into a nightmare.
+
+00:35:41.013 --> 00:35:43.035
+Now, I'm not one to lose hope.
+
+00:35:43.045 --> 00:35:47.059
+I keep on hoping, uh, I still
+have faith in the future,
+
+00:35:48.020 --> 00:35:51.099
+but I've had to analyze many
+things over the last few years.
+
+00:35:51.099 --> 00:35:56.087
+And I would say over the last few months,
+I've gone through a lot of soul such in
+
+00:35:56.087 --> 00:36:01.078
+agonizing moments, and I've come
+to see that, uh, we have, uh,
+
+00:36:01.078 --> 00:36:03.063
+many more difficult days ahead.
+
+00:36:04.024 --> 00:36:08.047
+And some of the old optimism
+was a little superficial,
+
+00:36:08.047 --> 00:36:11.066
+and now it must be tempered
+with a solid realism.
+
+00:36:11.066 --> 00:36:16.099
+And I think the realistic fact is that
+we still have a long, long way to go,
+
+00:36:17.073 --> 00:36:23.059
+and that we are involved
+in a war on Asian soil, uh,
+
+00:36:23.059 --> 00:36:28.031
+which if not checked and stunt and
+paused in the very soul of our nation.
+
+00:36:30.097 --> 00:36:34.083
+The sixties are marked by
+this grave introspection.
+
+00:36:35.056 --> 00:36:37.018
+We were still high from World War ii.
+
+00:36:37.028 --> 00:36:38.078
+We had defeated evil.
+
+00:36:38.078 --> 00:36:42.043
+We had conquered the world, frankly,
+with nothing but the power of our minds and
+
+00:36:42.043 --> 00:36:43.099
+hands and a shitload of money.
+
+00:36:44.070 --> 00:36:49.056
+But in the sixties, it was puzzling
+as America's engineers to wake up to the
+
+00:36:49.056 --> 00:36:51.003
+consequences of our deeds.
+
+00:36:52.033 --> 00:36:56.099
+Tonight, report from Vietnam
+by Walter Crown Kite.
+
+00:36:59.010 --> 00:37:03.028
+How could the Vietnamese communists have
+mounted this offensive with such complete
+
+00:37:03.068 --> 00:37:06.008
+surprise? Well, let's take a look
+
+00:37:08.049 --> 00:37:09.084
+On the other side of the globe.
+
+00:37:09.093 --> 00:37:12.056
+The bloodshed Vietnam
+showed no sign of ending.
+
+00:37:13.013 --> 00:37:17.052
+In January, 1968, the via con blew
+back at US forces with the nude strength
+
+00:37:17.052 --> 00:37:24.024
+destroying any illusions of an imminent
+American victory across the United States.
+
+00:37:24.039 --> 00:37:26.020
+Students hearts were set on fire.
+
+00:37:35.053 --> 00:37:40.091
+In the wake of the Ted Offensive, a special
+visitor came to MIT at the behest of an
+
+00:37:40.091 --> 00:37:42.024
+undergrad named Michael Albert.
+
+00:37:42.064 --> 00:37:45.052
+19 year old Army Desert, Michael O'Connor
+took refuge in the student centers,
+
+00:37:45.052 --> 00:37:46.064
+Las de Puerto Rico,
+
+00:37:49.016 --> 00:37:51.020
+Where the day show over
+
+00:37:52.022 --> 00:37:56.016
+Linguistics professor, no Chomsky, a
+mentor of this burgeoning student movement
+
+00:37:56.023 --> 00:37:59.036
+warned Albert and others of the severe
+consequence to hosting a desert.
+
+00:38:00.030 --> 00:38:02.032
+The military police were
+in the pursuit of O'Connor,
+
+00:38:02.066 --> 00:38:04.028
+but the students wanted
+to make a statement.
+
+00:38:05.030 --> 00:38:07.064
+Few dozen students camped
+out on the with O'Connor,
+
+00:38:07.076 --> 00:38:09.091
+while the rest of campus
+was mostly disinteresting,
+
+00:38:14.005 --> 00:38:16.016
+He
+Don't want to beat. As each day went by,
+
+00:38:16.016 --> 00:38:17.099
+Michael Albert and company
+spread awareness.
+
+00:38:19.023 --> 00:38:21.095
+Hundreds of students tripled
+into las as the week progressed,
+
+00:38:21.095 --> 00:38:26.068
+putting rock concerts and press conferences,
+all in support of the desert classes
+
+00:38:26.068 --> 00:38:27.052
+had to be canceled.
+
+00:38:31.063 --> 00:38:35.080
+They gathered at all hours of the day
+to support O'Connor field reporters and fend
+
+00:38:35.080 --> 00:38:36.036
+off disruptors,
+
+00:38:37.023 --> 00:38:41.072
+Give up, give mad of violent civilization
+
+00:38:43.089 --> 00:38:44.024
+In
+
+00:38:44.030 --> 00:38:45.091
+Civilization, where I
+
+00:38:46.039 --> 00:38:50.028
+Eight days in federal agents arrested
+Michael O'Connor while everyone would still,
+
+00:38:53.037 --> 00:38:53.537
+The
+
+00:38:57.068 --> 00:39:00.091
+Classes resumed and students
+hunger for additional action.
+
+00:39:02.010 --> 00:39:04.070
+Yeah, I got the constitution on the run.
+
+00:39:06.048 --> 00:39:10.099
+Michael Albert started his career at
+MIT as a physics major arriving on campus
+
+00:39:10.099 --> 00:39:12.083
+before the countercultural
+event took over.
+
+00:39:13.082 --> 00:39:19.059
+I came back to mit and I looked
+around, and it was quite a contrast.
+
+00:39:20.062 --> 00:39:23.070
+I saw gray walls as far as you could see.
+
+00:39:24.093 --> 00:39:30.024
+I saw faculty who would come in
+and, and write textbooks on the wall.
+
+00:39:31.003 --> 00:39:35.037
+I saw an utter lack, a complete
+absence of emotion.
+
+00:39:35.078 --> 00:39:37.081
+And then I began to understand why.
+
+00:39:38.024 --> 00:39:42.016
+It's because this place means
+to produce a certain product.
+
+00:39:42.063 --> 00:39:49.097
+And the product is a very, a very well
+trained, a very capable, a very brilliant,
+
+00:39:49.097 --> 00:39:56.049
+in many cases, scientist or engineer
+who will solve any problem, any problem,
+
+00:39:57.070 --> 00:39:59.085
+so long as it's of some
+interest and so long.
+
+00:40:02.067 --> 00:40:05.048
+Inflamed by the Vietnam War,
+I would end a few others,
+
+00:40:05.048 --> 00:40:09.008
+dedicated their undergraduate careers
+to browsing the notoriously apathetic student
+
+00:40:09.008 --> 00:40:14.028
+body. After helping the deserter, he joined
+Students for Democratic Society or sds,
+
+00:40:14.059 --> 00:40:17.016
+a national student movement dedicated
+to ending the war effort.
+
+00:40:22.037 --> 00:40:24.063
+The students were plenty
+riled up at this point,
+
+00:40:25.005 --> 00:40:28.099
+but you also had movement on the
+faculty side, like with Noam Chomsky,
+
+00:40:28.099 --> 00:40:34.027
+who finally enough was originally hired
+by MIT to do research for the Cold War.
+
+00:40:38.002 --> 00:40:43.055
+Noam Chomsky started at MIT 15 years
+before Michael Albert as he wrapped up his
+
+00:40:43.055 --> 00:40:44.083
+fellowship in linguistics at Harvard.
+
+00:40:44.092 --> 00:40:48.079
+He knew that a faculty position was
+out of the question in Chomsky's words,
+
+00:40:48.081 --> 00:40:50.095
+you could cut the antisemitism
+with a knife.
+
+00:40:51.072 --> 00:40:55.047
+So he ventured a few blocks south to
+MIT's research laboratory of electronics.
+
+00:40:55.080 --> 00:40:59.083
+He heard that it's leader, Drew
+Weisner was rather liberal.
+
+00:41:00.072 --> 00:41:03.015
+We a quickly offer Chomsky
+research position.
+
+00:41:03.029 --> 00:41:08.031
+His managers assigned him to a DOD funded
+project to automatically translate Soviet
+
+00:41:08.071 --> 00:41:10.035
+documents to English through
+digital computing.
+
+00:41:13.086 --> 00:41:17.035
+What followed was a rapid sent through
+the institute as he revolutionized
+
+00:41:17.035 --> 00:41:20.019
+theoretical linguistics and built
+MIT's new linguistics department.
+
+00:41:20.045 --> 00:41:21.083
+How the brain,
+
+00:41:22.056 --> 00:41:26.027
+It became a known antiwar activist
+shortly after the conflict in Vietnam was
+
+00:41:26.027 --> 00:41:27.031
+escalated by JFK
+
+00:41:27.052 --> 00:41:29.003
+On the faculty at mit.
+
+00:41:29.021 --> 00:41:33.083
+And I've been, uh, getting more and more
+heavily involved in antiwar activities for
+
+00:41:33.083 --> 00:41:36.071
+the last few years.
+Uh, beginning with, uh,
+
+00:41:37.021 --> 00:41:39.079
+the writing articles and
+making speeches and, uh,
+
+00:41:39.079 --> 00:41:41.063
+speaking to congressmen
+and that sort of thing,
+
+00:41:41.063 --> 00:41:45.059
+and gradually getting involved
+more and more directly in, uh,
+
+00:41:45.059 --> 00:41:48.003
+resistance activities of various sorts.
+
+00:41:48.060 --> 00:41:52.043
+Uh, usually Mr. Chomsky writes
+nonpolitical books, for instance,
+
+00:41:53.051 --> 00:42:00.067
+syntactic structures in 1957,
+Cartesian Linguistics in 1966.
+
+00:42:00.076 --> 00:42:05.083
+He is a highly esteemed, a student of
+modern language and linguistics who teaches
+
+00:42:05.083 --> 00:42:08.023
+nowadays at the Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology.
+
+00:42:09.069 --> 00:42:15.075
+You say the war is simply an obscenity,
+a depraved act by and miserable men,
+
+00:42:15.075 --> 00:42:20.043
+Including all of us, including myself,
+including every, That's the next sense.
+
+00:42:20.043 --> 00:42:22.027
+This is the sense of theological
+observation, isn't it?
+
+00:42:22.040 --> 00:42:23.011
+No, I don't
+
+00:42:23.011 --> 00:42:25.007
+Think so. Because if somebody points
+out, if everybody's guilty of everything,
+
+00:42:25.007 --> 00:42:26.007
+then nobody's guilty of anything.
+
+00:42:26.008 --> 00:42:28.059
+No,
+I, no, I don't, I don't believe that.
+
+00:42:28.061 --> 00:42:31.091
+See, I think that, I think the point
+that I'm trying to make and I think ought to
+
+00:42:31.091 --> 00:42:35.003
+be made seems to me,
+uh, a very, in a sense,
+
+00:42:35.003 --> 00:42:40.079
+terrifying aspect of our society is the
+equanimity and the detachment with which
+
+00:42:41.042 --> 00:42:43.039
+sane, reasonable, sensible people.
+
+00:42:43.051 --> 00:42:45.031
+Mm-hmm. <affirmative>
+can't observe that event.
+
+00:42:45.038 --> 00:42:50.035
+I think occasional Hitler or lame or other,
+that crops up these people would not be
+
+00:42:50.035 --> 00:42:54.019
+able to operate. Were it not for
+the, this apathy and equanimity.
+
+00:42:54.019 --> 00:42:56.027
+And therefore, I think
+that it's in some sense,
+
+00:42:56.027 --> 00:43:00.040
+the sane and reasonable
+tolerant people who should,
+
+00:43:00.098 --> 00:43:03.064
+who share a very serious burden of guilt.
+
+00:43:03.064 --> 00:43:07.004
+Why do they, why do these agricultural
+interests authorize us to intervene in South
+
+00:43:07.004 --> 00:43:07.063
+Vietnam?
+
+00:43:07.063 --> 00:43:10.076
+They did. If you consider this, this
+is because we didn't intervene on this is a
+
+00:43:10.084 --> 00:43:12.056
+critical dimension. No, I
+say that in the Philippines.
+
+00:43:12.056 --> 00:43:13.052
+It was a critical look.
+
+00:43:13.052 --> 00:43:14.056
+The world is a complex place.
+
+00:43:14.058 --> 00:43:17.008
+I'm aware there are certain
+interests that were involved.
+
+00:43:17.026 --> 00:43:21.060
+MIT is a complex, Well, there were certain
+interests that were involved in, sorry.
+
+00:43:28.085 --> 00:43:32.056
+As America continued to wage war, Chomsky
+spoke around the country and taught
+
+00:43:32.056 --> 00:43:35.088
+undergraduate courses on the US
+Empire, many of which were attended by
+
+00:43:35.088 --> 00:43:38.000
+Michael Albert and other
+future student articles.
+
+00:43:38.061 --> 00:43:42.036
+He acknowledged the irony of holding
+such strong anti-war views as a professor at
+
+00:43:42.042 --> 00:43:45.056
+mit, but he understood the power
+that its faculty and students had.
+
+00:43:45.070 --> 00:43:51.064
+The same can be said, I think, for the
+club of academic intellectuals who under the
+
+00:43:51.093 --> 00:43:57.044
+liberal administrations of the 1960s
+designed and implemented the Vietnam War.
+
+00:43:57.044 --> 00:44:01.084
+And the, uh, other similar,
+those smaller actions.
+
+00:44:02.083 --> 00:44:07.052
+This particular community is a very relevant
+one to consider at a place like mit
+
+00:44:07.052 --> 00:44:10.068
+because of course you're all free
+to enter, enter this community.
+
+00:44:10.068 --> 00:44:12.096
+In fact, you're invited
+and encouraged to enter it.
+
+00:44:13.041 --> 00:44:19.052
+Uh, the community of technical intelligencia and
+weapons designers and counterinsurgency,
+
+00:44:19.065 --> 00:44:25.092
+experts and pragmatic planners of
+an American empire is one that you have a
+
+00:44:25.092 --> 00:44:28.056
+great deal of inducement
+to, uh, become associated
+
+00:44:28.056 --> 00:44:33.012
+With. Leonardo DaVinci, who visualized
+man's flight 500 years ago,
+
+00:44:33.012 --> 00:44:35.064
+experienced the same fever when he wrote.
+
+00:44:36.018 --> 00:44:40.040
+But once you have tasted flight,
+you will walk the earth with your eyes,
+
+00:44:40.059 --> 00:44:45.084
+turn skyward, for there you have
+been and there you long to return.
+
+00:44:46.059 --> 00:44:49.064
+This is John Fitch, MIT Science Reporter.
+
+00:44:50.079 --> 00:44:51.096
+A semester passed
+
+00:44:51.096 --> 00:44:53.092
+since Connor's arrest, an anger fomented.
+
+00:44:57.099 --> 00:45:01.036
+I would follow a little pathway on
+something like a TV screen in front of me.
+
+00:45:01.063 --> 00:45:04.039
+That, that, uh, would direct
+me, right, left, or center.
+
+00:45:04.039 --> 00:45:09.059
+I could pull the commit switch on
+my stick and the computer took over, uh,
+
+00:45:09.080 --> 00:45:12.063
+computer, figured out the ballistics,
+the air speed, the, the slant range,
+
+00:45:12.063 --> 00:45:14.091
+and dropped the bombs when we
+got to the appropriate point.
+
+00:45:14.091 --> 00:45:18.080
+So it was very much of a,
+a technical expertise thing.
+
+00:45:22.024 --> 00:45:24.095
+Never could see the people,
+you know, you never could see.
+
+00:45:26.015 --> 00:45:29.047
+Occasionally you saw the houses when
+you were bombing around a village or bombing
+
+00:45:29.047 --> 00:45:33.039
+in a village. Uh, you know,
+you never heard the explosion.
+
+00:45:33.039 --> 00:45:35.080
+You never, uh, saw any
+blood or any screams.
+
+00:45:35.080 --> 00:45:36.059
+It was very clean.
+
+00:45:43.007 --> 00:45:46.051
+Students distrust towards MIT
+as an organ of the state only grew,
+
+00:45:46.051 --> 00:45:49.051
+especially as they uncover the
+institute's wartime projects.
+
+00:45:53.026 --> 00:45:57.039
+They revealed the Dock Draper iLabs creation
+of an attack helicopter stabilizer,
+
+00:45:57.039 --> 00:46:00.047
+which allowed for sustained machine
+gunfire while hovering in place.
+
+00:46:01.078 --> 00:46:06.088
+When we broke onto the airport where those
+helicopters were and photographed them,
+
+00:46:07.011 --> 00:46:10.039
+came back with the photographs, we were
+able to prove what we said all along,
+
+00:46:10.080 --> 00:46:14.088
+which was that the helicopters were gun
+ships and that the stabilization process
+
+00:46:14.093 --> 00:46:20.011
+was to be able to shoot the peasants
+and the fields in Vietnam more accurately.
+
+00:46:21.013 --> 00:46:26.095
+Uh, I predict that inertial principles
+will be used in all the guidance systems of
+
+00:46:26.095 --> 00:46:31.091
+the future. Many improvements will occur,
+but the inertial principles will be
+
+00:46:31.091 --> 00:46:32.095
+always with us.
+
+00:46:33.089 --> 00:46:37.051
+And I can't presume to predict
+what the future is gonna hold,
+
+00:46:37.057 --> 00:46:40.059
+but I'm sure it's going to be
+different from anything we imagine.
+
+00:46:40.082 --> 00:46:45.067
+I'm sure it's also going
+to be much more extensive,
+
+00:46:45.078 --> 00:46:50.055
+and we're gonna do many more tricks than
+anybody today imagines that we can do.
+
+00:46:50.089 --> 00:46:54.091
+And how we do this, I don't know, but
+the human race is certainly gonna go out into
+
+00:46:54.091 --> 00:46:56.039
+the stars. I thank you very much
+
+00:47:03.061 --> 00:47:06.028
+For multiple independently
+targetable reentry.
+
+00:47:06.028 --> 00:47:07.091
+Vehicle was also uncovered.
+
+00:47:08.068 --> 00:47:12.080
+It allowed a single ballistic missile
+to deploy multiple nuclear war heads to many
+
+00:47:12.080 --> 00:47:17.003
+different targets, a boon for any nation
+hoping to land a devastating first strike.
+
+00:47:27.092 --> 00:47:33.028
+On March 4th, 1969, students and faculty
+canceled all classes in research so that
+
+00:47:33.028 --> 00:47:35.051
+the institute could reflect
+on its role in the war machine.
+
+00:47:35.093 --> 00:47:38.028
+The action was known as
+scientists strike for peace.
+
+00:47:38.064 --> 00:47:43.099
+Chomsky read his famous, the responsibility
+of intellectuals and the student
+
+00:47:43.099 --> 00:47:45.011
+radicals took charge.
+
+00:47:45.065 --> 00:47:50.023
+The Union of Concerned Scientists was
+also formed in their founding document.
+
+00:47:50.023 --> 00:47:55.055
+They warned the Stone Age may return
+on the gleaming wings of science and what
+
+00:47:55.055 --> 00:47:59.059
+might now shower in measurable material
+blessings upon mankind may even bring about
+
+00:47:59.059 --> 00:48:03.099
+its total destruction be where
+I say time may be short.
+
+00:48:14.007 --> 00:48:17.091
+Elections for the undergraduate association
+or UA were held shortly after the
+
+00:48:17.091 --> 00:48:20.059
+action founded in 1893.
+
+00:48:20.061 --> 00:48:23.043
+The role of the UA has always been
+what the President makes of it.
+
+00:48:23.043 --> 00:48:27.091
+Sometimes its presence was barely felt,
+and other times Michael Albert was in
+
+00:48:27.091 --> 00:48:33.084
+charge. Albert ran for UA president on
+a sweeping platform, first and foremost,
+
+00:48:33.097 --> 00:48:35.091
+an end to all war research at mit.
+
+00:48:36.076 --> 00:48:39.055
+Additionally, an acceptance of
+the Black suit union's demands,
+
+00:48:39.063 --> 00:48:43.003
+namely a vast increase in black undergraduate
+admission and scholarships.
+
+00:48:43.068 --> 00:48:46.076
+He also promised a committee to alleviate
+the housing crisis in Cambridge,
+
+00:48:46.076 --> 00:48:48.063
+which he blamed on MIT and Harvard
+
+00:48:50.044 --> 00:48:53.036
+In army of students put up
+posters, handed out flyers,
+
+00:48:53.036 --> 00:48:54.091
+and campaigned across the dorms.
+
+00:48:56.080 --> 00:49:01.023
+After eight runoffs, Albert won as a
+right RightIn candidate and has election
+
+00:49:01.023 --> 00:49:03.043
+achieved the highest voter
+turnout in UA history.
+
+00:49:26.078 --> 00:49:28.072
+End it right now.
+
+00:49:34.024 --> 00:49:38.039
+If after all of this time and all of
+this sacrifice and all of this support,
+
+00:49:38.059 --> 00:49:40.043
+there is still no end in sight.
+
+00:49:40.078 --> 00:49:45.011
+Then I say the time has come for the
+American people to turn to new leadership,
+
+00:49:45.053 --> 00:49:48.015
+not tied to the policies
+and mistakes of the past.
+
+00:49:50.078 --> 00:49:55.059
+I pledge to you, we shall have an
+honorable end to the war in Vietnam
+
+00:49:56.098 --> 00:50:01.032
+This time. Vote like your
+whole world depended on it.
+
+00:50:05.087 --> 00:50:11.029
+The fall semester of 1969 radicalized
+even more students Nixon and promised to end
+
+00:50:11.029 --> 00:50:12.049
+the conflict upon his election.
+
+00:50:12.049 --> 00:50:14.025
+But there was no end to the war in sight.
+
+00:50:20.070 --> 00:50:24.053
+In October, over a hundred thousand
+people gathered in the Boston Commons to
+
+00:50:24.053 --> 00:50:25.065
+protest the Vietnam War.
+
+00:50:27.031 --> 00:50:29.053
+1000 MIT students attended.
+
+00:50:36.016 --> 00:50:36.516
+What
+
+00:50:53.100 --> 00:50:56.088
+Student's perception of
+MIT was at an all time low?
+
+00:50:58.006 --> 00:51:01.056
+The undergraduate student newspaper,
+The Old Mole set a grim tone.
+
+00:51:04.002 --> 00:51:08.080
+MIT isn't a center for scientific
+and social research to serve humanity.
+
+00:51:09.027 --> 00:51:11.032
+It's a part of the US war machine.
+
+00:51:12.100 --> 00:51:16.076
+MIT's purpose is to provide
+research, consulting services,
+
+00:51:16.076 --> 00:51:20.056
+and train personnel for the US government
+and the major corporations,
+
+00:51:22.004 --> 00:51:26.096
+research services and personnel, which
+enable them to maintain their control over
+
+00:51:26.096 --> 00:51:28.024
+the people of the world.
+
+00:51:31.022 --> 00:51:36.048
+The November action coalitions campaign
+was directed against MIT as an institution
+
+00:51:37.005 --> 00:51:38.100
+against its central purpose.
+
+00:51:50.062 --> 00:51:52.036
+The peak of unrest came in November.
+
+00:51:52.082 --> 00:51:57.004
+The November actions were a weeklong
+series of sit-ins, pickets and protests.
+
+00:51:58.087 --> 00:52:02.084
+Protesters no longer wanted to pause,
+were related research, but to disrupt it,
+
+00:52:02.084 --> 00:52:04.076
+The brother, you got
+all wrong about the war.
+
+00:52:04.076 --> 00:52:08.064
+Brother. The North Vietnamese tropes
+didn't enter South Vietnam and didn't start
+
+00:52:08.067 --> 00:52:10.024
+Taking apart the war until
+
+00:52:10.024 --> 00:52:11.012
+They were bombed.
+
+00:52:11.012 --> 00:52:13.064
+Look, we're getting, telling
+me something about Vietnam.
+
+00:52:13.070 --> 00:52:16.072
+All the relevancies, North
+Vietnam was bombed, right?
+
+00:52:17.020 --> 00:52:19.084
+Right. Wasn't a lot of
+countries were bombed.
+
+00:52:19.084 --> 00:52:21.016
+Of course, a lot countries were bombed.
+
+00:52:21.016 --> 00:52:22.060
+You think it's right? Think it's right.
+
+00:52:22.060 --> 00:52:25.088
+All, all those mothers and children
+getting a bombed think it's right.
+
+00:52:26.023 --> 00:52:28.032
+What happened Way, What
+happened in way that's
+
+00:52:29.011 --> 00:52:30.072
+Protecting?
+That's the kind what
+
+00:52:30.084 --> 00:52:32.004
+Happened. Look at, look at facts all.
+
+00:52:32.004 --> 00:52:35.052
+But what happened when the National
+Liberation Front, your heroes liberated.
+
+00:52:35.064 --> 00:52:37.036
+Liberated the city of way.
+
+00:52:37.055 --> 00:52:38.060
+Okay. Yeah.
+
+00:52:38.063 --> 00:52:39.084
+What? I don't need sign.
+
+00:52:40.007 --> 00:52:41.016
+I don't need a sign.
+
+00:52:41.022 --> 00:52:44.020
+You don't need it. What happened in
+the city of way when they liberated it,
+
+00:52:45.003 --> 00:52:48.052
+they literally dug mass execution
+grave and executed people, right?
+
+00:52:49.066 --> 00:52:50.064
+Yes. I know if I'm back.
+
+00:52:50.064 --> 00:52:52.052
+Cause I was there doing
+a 10 offensive friend.
+
+00:52:52.052 --> 00:52:52.552
+Yes.
+
+00:52:53.036 --> 00:52:54.064
+Everybody here reminds
+
+00:52:56.051 --> 00:52:59.088
+They staged a sit-in, in MIT's
+Center for International Studies,
+
+00:53:00.039 --> 00:53:03.073
+a CIA funded department whose lead
+researchers helped develop torture and
+
+00:53:03.089 --> 00:53:05.025
+assassination programs in Vietnam.
+
+00:53:07.072 --> 00:53:08.021
+Your
+
+00:53:09.065 --> 00:53:10.045
+Attention,
+
+00:53:12.028 --> 00:53:22.057
+I must that a restraining order issued
+by the Superior Court and the of course of
+
+00:53:22.077 --> 00:53:27.033
+violence on the campus in any professionals,
+buildings or facilities,
+
+00:53:27.033 --> 00:53:32.097
+or in any corridor, stairways and entrances
+there too or elsewhere on the Silk
+
+00:53:32.097 --> 00:53:39.033
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+premises in such manner as to disrupt or
+
+00:53:39.033 --> 00:53:44.029
+interfere with normal functions conducted
+by the set Massachusetts Institute of
+
+00:53:44.029 --> 00:53:52.005
+Technology in such place, or to block
+or hinder access to or egress from any of
+
+00:53:52.005 --> 00:53:56.025
+such properties by set Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology, faculty,
+
+00:53:57.011 --> 00:54:00.029
+administrators, students, employees.
+
+00:54:02.040 --> 00:54:04.069
+I think I have a responsibility
+to see what happens.
+
+00:54:07.028 --> 00:54:08.053
+Please leave this area.
+
+00:54:09.008 --> 00:54:10.089
+Please leave this area now.
+
+00:54:10.089 --> 00:54:14.097
+Please better stay the the way
+
+00:54:45.053 --> 00:54:49.077
+Later. Over 300 students blocked off
+the infinite corridor preventing students,
+
+00:54:49.077 --> 00:54:51.097
+professors, and members of
+the administration from working
+
+00:55:00.031 --> 00:55:01.041
+Get the fuck out.
+
+00:55:02.065 --> 00:55:03.057
+Obstructed from his office.
+
+00:55:03.057 --> 00:55:06.093
+Provost Jerome Wener confronted the
+articles and argued with them for hours.
+
+00:55:09.055 --> 00:55:11.093
+MIT President Howard Johnson
+was nowhere to be found
+
+00:55:18.056 --> 00:55:22.037
+when MIT president Howard Johnson
+had an atypical background.
+
+00:55:22.066 --> 00:55:26.037
+He served in an administrative role in
+World War II and assisted in the rebuilding
+
+00:55:26.037 --> 00:55:31.005
+of France. Johnson came home to study
+economics at the University of Chicago where
+
+00:55:31.005 --> 00:55:32.013
+he later became a lecturer.
+
+00:55:32.046 --> 00:55:36.037
+He went on to become a professor at MIT's
+Sloan School of Management and became its
+
+00:55:36.037 --> 00:55:37.049
+dean in 1959.
+
+00:55:37.069 --> 00:55:41.033
+After seven years as Dean, he was
+appointed the 12th president of mit.
+
+00:55:45.034 --> 00:55:47.057
+He always smiled when
+students called him Hoja.
+
+00:55:54.024 --> 00:55:58.081
+George Kakis was about to begin his sophomore
+year at MIT when his mother sent a
+
+00:55:58.081 --> 00:56:00.016
+letter to President Howard Johnson.
+
+00:56:02.063 --> 00:56:06.009
+The terms of his parents' divorce left
+him without the funds to continue attending
+
+00:56:06.019 --> 00:56:10.037
+mit. His father was a career soldier,
+and George planned to follow in his
+
+00:56:10.057 --> 00:56:17.085
+footsteps. Knowing Johnson's military
+background, George's mother begged for
+
+00:56:17.085 --> 00:56:21.057
+compassion. The letter worked.
+
+00:56:21.096 --> 00:56:26.001
+Hojo granted Georgia Presidential Scholarship
+covering all of his expenses and the
+
+00:56:26.001 --> 00:56:27.037
+two quickly became personal friends.
+
+00:56:28.039 --> 00:56:31.077
+One day the president even offered George
+right across campus in his personal
+
+00:56:31.077 --> 00:56:32.025
+limousine.
+
+00:56:35.008 --> 00:56:39.037
+Around the March 4th protests, President
+Johnson set up the Pounds Commission to
+
+00:56:39.049 --> 00:56:43.073
+consider the future of MIT's controversial
+war labs, Draper's Instrumentation Lab,
+
+00:56:43.087 --> 00:56:45.029
+and the Lincoln Laboratories.
+
+00:56:47.086 --> 00:56:52.025
+He asked George to be the only undergraduate
+representative serving alongside Nobel
+
+00:56:52.025 --> 00:56:57.073
+Laureates Institute professors, and eventually
+Noam Chomsky Hojo begged Chomsky to
+
+00:56:57.073 --> 00:57:01.009
+join the commission, knowing it could
+give the radicals a sense that their voice
+
+00:57:01.009 --> 00:57:04.073
+was represented as part
+of the Pounds commission.
+
+00:57:04.073 --> 00:57:08.085
+George toward the war labs visited the
+Pentagon and met with multiple senators.
+
+00:57:19.034 --> 00:57:22.025
+As he became more informed,
+he became outraged
+
+00:57:41.045 --> 00:57:42.009
+Murderer.
+
+00:57:43.052 --> 00:57:46.017
+George teamed up with Michael
+Albert and the other articles,
+
+00:57:46.017 --> 00:57:49.009
+and he joined the Rosa Luxenberg
+chapter of the sds.
+
+00:57:51.028 --> 00:57:54.081
+Around the time of the November actions,
+George and the other radical articles
+
+00:57:54.081 --> 00:57:58.057
+stormed in MIT corporation meeting
+signs in hand and chance echoing down the
+
+00:57:58.073 --> 00:58:03.053
+infinite corridor. At the helm of
+the boardroom, sat Howard Johnson,
+
+00:58:04.068 --> 00:58:05.089
+a shouting match erupted.
+
+00:58:05.089 --> 00:58:10.033
+Former MIT presidents and esteemed alumni
+sat in shocked and hojo slowly walked
+
+00:58:10.033 --> 00:58:10.565
+towards
+The door.
+
+00:58:16.070 --> 00:58:18.013
+He whispered into George's ear
+
+00:58:18.066 --> 00:58:19.053
+It two.
+
+00:58:39.002 --> 00:58:40.072
+MIT had lost its patients.
+
+00:58:40.090 --> 00:58:45.052
+Immediately after the November actions,
+a disciplinary committee was formed to
+
+00:58:45.052 --> 00:58:47.040
+judge the behavior of
+the radical students.
+
+00:58:47.053 --> 00:58:51.008
+Provost Weisner promised Michael
+Albert that he was safe,
+
+00:58:51.074 --> 00:58:55.080
+but President Johnson made it
+clear that his days were numbered.
+
+00:59:00.072 --> 00:59:04.025
+A few days before Christmas, the committee
+charged Michael Albert with active
+
+00:59:04.057 --> 00:59:06.081
+participation in a demonstration
+in which violence was present.
+
+00:59:08.011 --> 00:59:11.085
+The demonstration was a stage interruption
+of a general electric recruiting event.
+
+00:59:28.064 --> 00:59:32.041
+Students for Democratic Society was
+tearing itself apart and the national
+
+00:59:32.041 --> 00:59:34.097
+organization fractured into
+increasingly violent variants.
+
+00:59:35.014 --> 00:59:35.049
+We
+
+00:59:35.049 --> 00:59:39.081
+Protested, but then we began to realize
+that if we really thought those values were
+
+00:59:39.081 --> 00:59:42.073
+important, that they weren't
+gonna come about in the society.
+
+00:59:42.088 --> 00:59:44.033
+Just by protesting
+
+00:59:55.098 --> 00:59:57.093
+Protest of Albert's band from campus.
+
+00:59:58.019 --> 00:59:59.097
+The remnants of MIT's sds.
+
+01:00:02.007 --> 01:00:06.086
+In a rage, George and three other members
+took a battering ram and broke down the
+
+01:00:06.086 --> 01:00:11.042
+door to President Johnson's
+office for a hundred students.
+
+01:00:11.042 --> 01:00:15.070
+Poured in leaving Provost Wener standing
+outside of the occupied territory to plead
+
+01:00:15.070 --> 01:00:31.051
+with the belligerent. MIT
+came down with an iron fist.
+
+01:00:31.088 --> 01:00:35.086
+The administration pressed charges against
+Kaia Feas and two others for disruption
+
+01:00:35.086 --> 01:00:36.026
+of classes.
+
+01:00:38.005 --> 01:00:38.066
+George
+
+01:00:38.066 --> 01:00:41.094
+Was sentenced to state prison
+and he earned his degree from mit.
+
+01:00:41.094 --> 01:00:46.014
+While in solitary confinement, the wardens
+frequently threatened to send him to
+
+01:00:46.014 --> 01:00:50.003
+Bridgewater, a neighboring mental institution
+for the criminally insane known for
+
+01:00:50.003 --> 01:00:51.042
+its vi mistreatment of patients.
+
+01:00:55.067 --> 01:00:56.003
+As
+
+01:00:56.003 --> 01:01:00.046
+The protest waned and the radicals broke
+off, compromised was eventually achieved.
+
+01:01:02.014 --> 01:01:06.026
+MIT never canceled any wartime research,
+but access to the Lincoln Laboratories was
+
+01:01:06.026 --> 01:01:07.074
+restricted from the rest of the institute
+
+01:01:11.064 --> 01:01:15.018
+and Draper's instrumentation that
+I was renamed and moved off campus
+
+01:01:21.066 --> 01:01:30.026
+Store sinking the she by.
+
+01:01:33.013 --> 01:01:33.513
+Look,
+
+01:01:34.034 --> 01:01:39.090
+I have an additional, one small additional
+question or moral remark to you that is,
+
+01:01:39.090 --> 01:01:44.059
+that you wish you were very courageous
+attitude to towards the war in Vietnam.
+
+01:01:44.084 --> 01:01:51.007
+How can you survive in an institution
+like mit, which is known here as one of the
+
+01:01:51.007 --> 01:01:55.082
+great war contractors and intellectual,
+uh, makers of this war?
+
+01:01:56.019 --> 01:01:57.066
+Uh, there are two aspects to that.
+
+01:01:57.066 --> 01:02:01.074
+One is the question how
+I'm, how MIT tolerates me.
+
+01:02:01.074 --> 01:02:06.070
+And the other question is how I tolerate
+mit well as to how MIT tolerates me.
+
+01:02:07.015 --> 01:02:10.042
+Uh, here again, I think one
+shouldn't be overly schematic.
+
+01:02:10.093 --> 01:02:15.059
+It's true that MIT is a major
+institution of war research,
+
+01:02:16.024 --> 01:02:21.051
+but it's also true that it embodies
+very important libertarian values,
+
+01:02:22.007 --> 01:02:26.018
+which are I think, quite deeply
+embedded in American society.
+
+01:02:26.018 --> 01:02:31.026
+Fortunately for the world, they're
+not deeply embedded enough to save the
+
+01:02:31.026 --> 01:02:35.038
+Vietnamese, but they're deeply enough
+embedded to prevent far worse,
+
+01:02:35.038 --> 01:02:36.047
+worse disasters.
+
+01:02:36.047 --> 01:02:38.026
+And here I think one has
+to be a bit qualified.
+
+01:02:38.082 --> 01:02:42.055
+That is there is imperial
+terror and aggression.
+
+01:02:42.055 --> 01:02:47.011
+There is exploitation, there is
+racism, lots of things like that.
+
+01:02:47.011 --> 01:02:54.070
+But there's also, uh, a real concern coexisting
+with it for individual rights of a
+
+01:02:54.070 --> 01:02:56.098
+sort, which for example, are
+embodied in the Bill of Rights,
+
+01:02:57.003 --> 01:03:00.030
+which is by no means simply an
+expression of class oppression.
+
+01:03:01.003 --> 01:03:04.047
+It is also an expression of
+the necessity to defend the,
+
+01:03:04.047 --> 01:03:06.018
+in the individual against state power.
+
+01:03:07.044 --> 01:03:10.074
+Now these things coexist, you
+know, it's not that simple.
+
+01:03:10.074 --> 01:03:13.089
+It's not just all bad
+or all good, and uh,
+
+01:03:13.089 --> 01:03:18.086
+it's because it's the particular balance
+in which they coexist that makes it, uh,
+
+01:03:18.086 --> 01:03:22.086
+that makes an institute that produces
+weapons of war be willing to tolerate.
+
+01:03:23.007 --> 01:03:27.022
+Uh, in fact, you know, in many ways,
+even encouraged to be quite honest, uh,
+
+01:03:27.022 --> 01:03:29.045
+a person who's involved in civil
+disobedience against the war,
+
+01:03:31.045 --> 01:03:32.057
+Inter collegially.
+
+01:03:32.057 --> 01:03:38.038
+We've got over 20 teams, I think cross
+country, soccer, baseball, basketball,
+
+01:03:39.005 --> 01:03:43.013
+track squash, Oh, and a
+whole bunch of other ones.
+
+01:03:45.089 --> 01:03:48.001
+Do a lot of students
+participate in sports
+
+01:03:50.026 --> 01:03:52.024
+intercollegiate and intermurals combined.
+
+01:03:52.024 --> 01:03:55.040
+There's over 3000 students that
+participate in athletics and mit.
+
+01:03:58.038 --> 01:04:02.001
+So you think athletic is a
+major part of the life at mit?
+
+01:04:03.084 --> 01:04:07.078
+Not really. Damn, I screwed that up.
+
+01:04:09.016 --> 01:04:10.089
+What does MIT mean to you?
+
+01:04:12.003 --> 01:04:13.013
+That's a good question.
+
+01:04:14.048 --> 01:04:15.039
+It mean to me. Yeah.
+
+01:04:17.055 --> 01:04:18.067
+Should, you should give people
+
+01:04:18.067 --> 01:04:19.080
+What? Half an hour for that one.
+
+01:04:19.080 --> 01:04:23.076
+Really, Institute has changed quite
+a bit since I've been here for four years,
+
+01:04:23.097 --> 01:04:27.095
+but trying to change student government,
+there's been a flurry of political
+
+01:04:28.028 --> 01:04:31.063
+activity now over, and I'd be interested
+to see what goes on for the next four
+
+01:04:31.063 --> 01:04:31.563
+years.
+
+01:04:32.032 --> 01:04:32.532
+Uh,
+
+01:04:34.055 --> 01:04:37.059
+Well, originally I came here because
+I thought I wanted to be an engineer.
+
+01:04:38.017 --> 01:04:42.063
+And, uh, I, I like has
+made me wonder, you know,
+
+01:04:42.063 --> 01:04:47.015
+many times whether I made the right
+choice and I'm still not quite sure
+
+01:04:47.051 --> 01:04:49.099
+It's, uh, everything I wanted and more
+
+01:04:51.014 --> 01:04:51.063
+It's
+
+01:04:51.063 --> 01:04:58.048
+Music and art and lots of science and
+math, a lot of interesting people and, uh,
+
+01:04:59.043 --> 01:05:00.063
+sports and.
+
+01:05:01.024 --> 01:05:02.037
+It's a tremendous place.
+
+01:05:02.037 --> 01:05:05.057
+Better than I expected,
+and I expected the best.
+
+01:05:11.063 --> 01:05:17.041
+I'm happy with the, uh, department, mainly
+for the kind of access to the professors
+
+01:05:17.041 --> 01:05:18.069
+that you have there.
+
+01:05:19.069 --> 01:05:26.061
+Personal opinion, unsubstantiated by
+flag is that it's the best place to learn
+
+01:05:26.061 --> 01:06:51.025
+things like a balloon, a balloon, uh,
+pink balloon, beautiful pink balloon.
+
+01:06:51.079 --> 01:06:55.013
+The grooviest grooviest thing,
+just watching it up there.
+
+01:06:55.013 --> 01:06:56.061
+Coming right down at you.
+
+01:06:57.007 --> 01:07:05.013
+Yes, there's, I hardly anything
+around here is typical.
+
+01:07:40.063 --> 01:07:45.016
+Counterculture has become such an integral
+aspect of the MIT ecosystem that on
+
+01:07:45.016 --> 01:07:47.013
+campus it can barely be considered
+to counterculture.
+
+01:07:47.099 --> 01:07:51.061
+And anywhere there are impressionable
+young minds exercising their freedom and
+
+01:07:51.061 --> 01:07:53.001
+rebuilding against centralized authority.
+
+01:07:53.041 --> 01:08:02.013
+There are also drugs, lots of drugs,
+an astounding amount of drugs.
+
+01:08:03.006 --> 01:08:07.037
+By the 1970s, MIT had already earned
+a national reputation for its connection to
+
+01:08:07.037 --> 01:08:13.016
+hallucinogens. According to the fbi,
+somewhere between 10 and 90% of the LSD used
+
+01:08:13.016 --> 01:08:15.061
+in the northeast United
+States was produced at mit,
+
+01:08:15.087 --> 01:08:20.073
+specifically in the iconic Bexley house,
+a dormitory directly across the street
+
+01:08:20.073 --> 01:08:21.081
+from MIT's front door.
+
+01:08:23.035 --> 01:08:27.016
+The head of house at Bexley was Professor
+Jerome let fit who served in the role
+
+01:08:27.016 --> 01:08:30.073
+alongside his wife Maggie, a
+noted writer and TV fitness guru,
+
+01:08:30.073 --> 01:08:33.013
+famous for her show on Boston's wgbh.
+
+01:08:33.023 --> 01:08:34.081
+I'm
+Still here to lose this flag.
+
+01:08:35.099 --> 01:08:38.077
+I'm here because I've got
+a bad back and a young wife.
+
+01:08:39.074 --> 01:08:41.024
+I'm in here to lose my tummy.
+
+01:08:41.078 --> 01:08:43.077
+The title, Short time,
+I'm here to lose my belly.
+
+01:08:44.019 --> 01:08:45.061
+I'd like to wear a size 12.
+
+01:08:47.052 --> 01:08:50.053
+Most people think you look for
+your lifeline and your hands,
+
+01:08:50.053 --> 01:08:51.069
+but that's not where you look.
+
+01:08:51.082 --> 01:08:52.061
+You look here
+
+01:09:03.086 --> 01:09:08.045
+As Besley's Head of House Professor Lettvin
+was well known for his views on lsd.
+
+01:09:09.098 --> 01:09:14.073
+On May 3rd, 1967, Professor Lettvin
+debated disgrace psychologist and former
+
+01:09:14.073 --> 01:09:19.086
+Harvard professor Timothy Leary,
+the original representative for mit,
+
+01:09:19.086 --> 01:09:21.059
+backed out of the debate
+at the last minute.
+
+01:09:21.080 --> 01:09:24.099
+So Lettvin in the middle of
+a fog dissection in building 20,
+
+01:09:25.002 --> 01:09:27.027
+jumped into the debate
+with zero preparation.
+
+01:09:35.093 --> 01:09:38.094
+One evening this spring, as part
+of a student run lecture series,
+
+01:09:39.005 --> 01:09:43.039
+two men died for the souls of students
+who packed MIT's Kresge Auditorium.
+
+01:09:43.057 --> 01:09:47.023
+They were Dr. Timothy Leary, founder
+of the League for Spiritual Discovery,
+
+01:09:47.023 --> 01:09:52.070
+which advocates LSD as a religious sacrament
+and MIT professor, Jerome Lettvin,
+
+01:09:52.070 --> 01:09:54.099
+who thinks of Dr. Leary
+as an agent of the devil.
+
+01:09:55.040 --> 01:10:00.015
+Timothy Leary began experiments with
+LSD as a lecturer in psychology of Harvard.
+
+01:10:00.036 --> 01:10:02.078
+Harvard dismissed him in 1963.
+
+01:10:03.027 --> 01:10:06.078
+He is now out on a $30,000 bond
+for possession of marijuana.
+
+01:10:07.013 --> 01:10:08.070
+You're not just a college student.
+
+01:10:09.088 --> 01:10:13.054
+You are not just 22
+or 23 or 24 years old.
+
+01:10:13.054 --> 01:10:15.082
+You're 2 billion years old.
+
+01:10:17.008 --> 01:10:18.014
+Had you forgotten that?
+
+01:10:19.061 --> 01:10:23.050
+Matter of fact, what can you remind
+you, um, where you came from?
+
+01:10:24.066 --> 01:10:28.086
+Remember, you spent nine months in
+a watery medium, the first nine months,
+
+01:10:29.021 --> 01:10:31.010
+this trip on this planet.
+
+01:10:32.002 --> 01:10:32.502
+Remember all that swashing?
+
+01:10:36.056 --> 01:10:38.038
+Now, could we have the
+lights out now, please?
+
+01:10:41.056 --> 01:10:43.002
+Now, fire is dangerous.
+
+01:10:43.073 --> 01:10:47.050
+Fire can kill, fire, can burn destroy.
+
+01:10:47.087 --> 01:10:50.018
+As a matter of fact, the
+first fell invented fire.
+
+01:10:50.018 --> 01:10:51.070
+Prometheus got in a lot of trouble.
+
+01:10:51.070 --> 01:10:53.002
+The FDA got in Washington.
+
+01:10:53.042 --> 01:10:57.036
+Remember, uh, they said, Wait a minute.
+
+01:10:57.036 --> 01:11:00.044
+They're going too fast. Maybe
+we're not ready for a fire.
+
+01:11:01.005 --> 01:11:04.020
+As a matter of fact, that's a question
+that often occurs to many of us these days.
+
+01:11:04.032 --> 01:11:10.004
+Maybe man isn't ready for powerful chemicals
+like L s D and the many new ones that
+
+01:11:10.004 --> 01:11:16.088
+are coming. Maybe man's little mind isn't
+ready at this moment in evolution to deal
+
+01:11:16.088 --> 01:11:20.056
+with too much, too fast
+in the way of reality.
+
+01:11:22.035 --> 01:11:24.092
+Fire is, uh, danger.
+
+01:11:25.028 --> 01:11:26.068
+Maybe we should pass a law against it.
+
+01:11:27.083 --> 01:11:29.004
+What are we gonna do about it?
+
+01:11:29.086 --> 01:11:32.052
+How we gonna keep people from burning
+themselves up and hurting themselves and
+
+01:11:32.052 --> 01:11:33.044
+killing themselves with fire?
+
+01:11:33.047 --> 01:11:39.008
+Well, we gotta start training our kids
+from the time they can listen to us.
+
+01:11:39.036 --> 01:11:44.028
+Don't you know that the real, real
+goal of a scientist is to flip out?
+
+01:11:44.080 --> 01:11:45.076
+Don't you know that?
+
+01:11:46.022 --> 01:11:50.040
+Had you forgotten or you thought that
+the role of a scientist was to build bigger
+
+01:11:50.040 --> 01:11:54.008
+and bigger stage sets for the
+television show we got going here?
+
+01:11:54.051 --> 01:12:00.020
+Yeah. Uh, we had a big road running from
+the Copson Roberts game here to the Cowboy
+
+01:12:00.020 --> 01:12:01.024
+Indian Show over there.
+
+01:12:01.086 --> 01:12:05.076
+And your engineers are supposed to build
+them so that we can go faster and faster,
+
+01:12:05.098 --> 01:12:08.092
+and father and father from television
+show to television show.
+
+01:12:09.026 --> 01:12:10.024
+But, um,
+
+01:12:13.062 --> 01:12:17.013
+If you take science seriously, and if
+you take the history of science seriously,
+
+01:12:17.013 --> 01:12:23.081
+you'll realize that every great scientist
+wasn't in it for the TV show commercial
+
+01:12:23.081 --> 01:12:27.049
+payoff. Now, the message
+I have is an old one.
+
+01:12:27.049 --> 01:12:31.073
+It's the simplest and most classic message
+that even passed on in world history.
+
+01:12:31.076 --> 01:12:38.093
+It's, uh, those six words drop out,
+turn on, then come back and tune it in.
+
+01:12:39.011 --> 01:12:41.005
+Now, I'm sorry. I mean,
+I didn't invent this.
+
+01:12:41.007 --> 01:12:42.089
+I'm just reading the lines
+that were given to me.
+
+01:12:42.092 --> 01:12:44.073
+You've got to drop out.
+
+01:12:46.007 --> 01:12:49.009
+Now. Um, there's a lot
+said about, uh, education.
+
+01:12:49.016 --> 01:12:51.013
+Well, you've got to
+finish your education.
+
+01:12:52.008 --> 01:12:59.001
+When I hear that said, uh, I, uh, shutter
+and my cells shrink because I'm sorry to
+
+01:12:59.001 --> 01:13:02.074
+say this, and I say this with great love
+and great affection because I'm part of
+
+01:13:02.074 --> 01:13:04.058
+this whole institution the way I'm going.
+
+01:13:04.060 --> 01:13:09.094
+But the education system at the present
+time of the United States does neurological
+
+01:13:09.094 --> 01:13:15.054
+damage to the nervous system and
+functions as a narcotic addictive drug.
+
+01:13:19.052 --> 01:13:23.050
+You the younger generation in
+particular, have got to drop out.
+
+01:13:23.056 --> 01:13:25.038
+And by dropout, I mean all the way.
+
+01:13:25.040 --> 01:13:26.034
+You can't vote.
+
+01:13:26.034 --> 01:13:27.054
+I urge you not to politic.
+
+01:13:27.062 --> 01:13:28.054
+Don't pick it.
+
+01:13:28.054 --> 01:13:36.018
+Don't get involved in any of these menopausal
+mind gains because it doesn't make
+
+01:13:36.044 --> 01:13:37.030
+any difference.
+
+01:13:38.018 --> 01:13:41.058
+Remember, 1962, we voted for
+a peace candidate <laugh>,
+
+01:13:42.008 --> 01:13:43.054
+and you think it makes a difference.
+
+01:13:45.045 --> 01:13:47.094
+I think it's time to stop, drop out.
+
+01:13:50.012 --> 01:13:50.512
+Thank you.
+
+01:13:57.087 --> 01:14:02.028
+When Dr. Timothy Leary, the high priest
+of the league for spiritual discovery,
+
+01:14:02.088 --> 01:14:05.076
+finished speaking, Dr. Jerome
+Lettvin took the floor.
+
+01:14:06.049 --> 01:14:10.076
+Dr. Lettvin was senior psychiatrist
+at the Man State Hospital in Illinois.
+
+01:14:11.021 --> 01:14:16.008
+He is now professor of Communications
+Physiology in the departments of biology and
+
+01:14:16.036 --> 01:14:18.004
+electrical engineering at mit.
+
+01:14:18.053 --> 01:14:21.024
+He also lectures in the
+humanities department.
+
+01:14:22.001 --> 01:14:27.016
+Dr. Lettvin, who has three teenage children,
+is known at MIT as a man students can
+
+01:14:27.016 --> 01:14:27.516
+talk to.
+
+01:14:28.042 --> 01:14:38.034
+Now, Tim, your argument is exceedingly
+seductive and in the main,
+
+01:14:38.057 --> 01:14:44.098
+I must admit that I find the press, uh,
+
+01:14:44.098 --> 01:14:50.082
+middle age and middle class enormously
+powerful here in Cambridge.
+
+01:14:51.053 --> 01:14:53.014
+Irritating is all hell.
+
+01:14:55.004 --> 01:15:00.042
+The horri part is that I too sit in
+front of TV sets, feel myself slumping,
+
+01:15:00.052 --> 01:15:01.074
+pay the taxes.
+
+01:15:03.076 --> 01:15:07.030
+But the problem is whether
+the naval really replaces tv.
+
+01:15:09.009 --> 01:15:11.018
+I mean, you sitting
+in front of your naval,
+
+01:15:15.028 --> 01:15:20.054
+you sitting in front of your naval
+strike, strike me as being, in a sense,
+
+01:15:21.009 --> 01:15:23.022
+very little better off in a first.
+
+01:15:23.078 --> 01:15:27.010
+Let's put it this way, no surprises
+are likely to come about
+
+01:15:27.066 --> 01:15:27.566
+<laugh>,
+
+01:15:30.028 --> 01:15:33.018
+And you aren't even beguiled
+by good commercials.
+
+01:15:37.040 --> 01:15:42.006
+Nevertheless, I think that we must
+take your thesis extremely seriously,
+
+01:15:42.080 --> 01:15:49.026
+and I will not do you the dishonor of
+either attacking you on scientific rounds
+
+01:15:49.026 --> 01:15:54.018
+because the question as is very
+obvious, is not scientific but moral.
+
+01:15:55.038 --> 01:16:01.074
+Therefore, for this reason, I would like
+to confine my remarks strictly to the Es.
+
+01:16:01.074 --> 01:16:03.018
+Turn that damn thing off.
+
+01:16:12.015 --> 01:16:17.036
+I would like to confine my remarks strictly
+to the Es technological questions
+
+01:16:17.068 --> 01:16:22.068
+involved. By that, I mean simply questions
+of what constitute good and evil.
+
+01:16:23.062 --> 01:16:28.016
+But I feel somehow or another that
+this man is in the hands of the devil.
+
+01:16:29.027 --> 01:16:37.084
+That is to say he is in a private hell
+of a curious and somewhat Satan devising to
+
+01:16:37.084 --> 01:16:45.008
+look at this man sitting there with
+the smile, this sup smile, ecstatic smile.
+
+01:16:46.007 --> 01:16:47.004
+I feel sick.
+
+01:16:47.059 --> 01:16:49.044
+I don't feel that I want to trade.
+
+01:16:49.067 --> 01:16:51.044
+I feel sick for him.
+
+01:16:52.046 --> 01:16:59.016
+And I ask of you, how many
+would trade he assures you.
+
+01:16:59.025 --> 01:17:03.044
+He is in the utmost ecstasy
+when you can get to him.
+
+01:17:03.092 --> 01:17:06.020
+Otherwise, he's in that ecstasy.
+
+01:17:06.090 --> 01:17:09.064
+Why would not any of you trade?
+
+01:17:11.054 --> 01:17:15.016
+Let us take another trade that
+has been offered in the past.
+
+01:17:16.090 --> 01:17:19.096
+You and I lived through
+the period of lobotomies.
+
+01:17:20.070 --> 01:17:23.028
+You walk into the office,
+I don't like my mama.
+
+01:17:23.031 --> 01:17:27.032
+They lift your up, you know,
+slash slash and you go out.
+
+01:17:27.032 --> 01:17:28.016
+It doesn't matter.
+
+01:17:29.006 --> 01:17:34.044
+You see, you have traded for,
+it doesn't matter, a hunk of brain.
+
+01:17:34.044 --> 01:17:37.096
+After all brain tissue, as he tells
+you, you're losing so much of it.
+
+01:17:37.096 --> 01:17:38.084
+What's a little bit more?
+
+01:17:41.063 --> 01:17:42.024
+Really?
+
+01:17:44.005 --> 01:17:46.024
+No, Here you trade it.
+
+01:17:46.094 --> 01:17:53.044
+How many of you would take a lobotomy
+given the guarantee that thereafter you don't
+
+01:17:53.063 --> 01:17:57.076
+care? You come in saying,
+I don't want to care.
+
+01:17:57.076 --> 01:17:59.092
+Everything is bothering
+the hell out of me.
+
+01:18:00.075 --> 01:18:03.012
+Everything is bothering
+the hell out of me.
+
+01:18:03.051 --> 01:18:05.012
+I wanna stop caring.
+
+01:18:05.063 --> 01:18:06.072
+I wanna be happy.
+
+01:18:07.090 --> 01:18:10.040
+And so he takes, you know, bang, bang.
+
+01:18:12.033 --> 01:18:13.092
+Is this a trade you would make?
+
+01:18:14.074 --> 01:18:17.040
+You are selling off the no functions.
+
+01:18:17.095 --> 01:18:24.064
+You're selling off exactly those functions
+which have set you aside critically in
+
+01:18:25.004 --> 01:18:26.064
+every possible way.
+
+01:18:26.071 --> 01:18:27.080
+You're abrogating.
+
+01:18:28.027 --> 01:18:33.036
+You're dissolving these henceforth
+suspended judgment for a while.
+
+01:18:34.023 --> 01:18:41.008
+I know a set of physicists who took a
+while ago in group because they're curious
+
+01:18:41.008 --> 01:18:43.040
+people. All physicists
+are curious people.
+
+01:18:44.011 --> 01:18:46.020
+That is, I mean, they're
+not curious to look at.
+
+01:18:46.020 --> 01:18:46.520
+They are.
+
+01:18:52.058 --> 01:18:56.003
+They took in a group of
+about five or six of them,
+
+01:18:56.046 --> 01:19:01.058
+They took some silo Sabin on the recipe,
+gotten from the telephone number here in
+
+01:19:01.058 --> 01:19:04.074
+Cambridge that you're supposed
+to call to get that recipe <laugh>.
+
+01:19:06.000 --> 01:19:10.038
+And having taken it, they got
+violently sick the first day,
+
+01:19:11.024 --> 01:19:14.022
+and every one of them for
+three months thereafter,
+
+01:19:14.076 --> 01:19:20.002
+was incapable of doing any theoretical
+work on all behavioral counts.
+
+01:19:20.002 --> 01:19:27.006
+The same but clearly apparent
+in their higher critical functions.
+
+01:19:27.012 --> 01:19:33.034
+And you pay for the vision of
+yourself by the loss of judgment.
+
+01:19:33.084 --> 01:19:38.002
+You pay for getting out
+by the loss of judgment.
+
+01:19:38.056 --> 01:19:44.050
+You pay for whatever visions you get
+by this loss in judgment and the loss in
+
+01:19:44.070 --> 01:19:47.046
+judgment that stays and stays.
+
+01:19:48.044 --> 01:19:50.066
+Now you might say, How do I know this?
+
+01:19:50.066 --> 01:19:51.086
+Have I ever taken it?
+
+01:19:52.000 --> 01:19:53.050
+Huh? No.
+
+01:19:54.060 --> 01:19:57.030
+And I haven't taken it
+for a rather simple reason.
+
+01:20:00.004 --> 01:20:04.024
+Seems to be a little bit
+big, a little steep to pay.
+
+01:20:05.038 --> 01:20:09.072
+I'm giving the devil my judgment,
+my soul, my intellect.
+
+01:20:09.072 --> 01:20:13.076
+All of the things I've
+worked for, for this kick.
+
+01:20:14.039 --> 01:20:15.088
+Like an infomania.
+
+01:20:15.090 --> 01:20:18.076
+Not like an erotic person,
+but like an infomania.
+
+01:20:19.099 --> 01:20:22.068
+Does anybody here envy the infomania?
+
+01:20:23.072 --> 01:20:26.088
+After all, there she is
+having orgasm after orgasm.
+
+01:20:26.088 --> 01:20:30.020
+Wonderful. All day long without a star.
+
+01:20:31.092 --> 01:20:33.076
+Beautiful, terrific.
+
+01:20:34.086 --> 01:20:36.068
+And anybody envy her?
+
+01:20:37.075 --> 01:20:39.040
+Does anybody envy?
+
+01:20:39.070 --> 01:20:45.040
+Why? Because you didn't envy that guy
+who was sitting in the state hospital either.
+
+01:20:46.018 --> 01:20:53.024
+The kick is cheap, the ecstasy is cheap,
+and you are settling for a second rate,
+
+01:20:53.024 --> 01:20:57.056
+permanent second rate world by the
+complete aggregation of the intellect.
+
+01:20:57.089 --> 01:21:02.016
+In the old days, if it wasn't done by
+lobotomy, it was done by psychoanalysis.
+
+01:21:02.042 --> 01:21:03.072
+Now it's done by drugs.
+
+01:21:05.011 --> 01:21:06.084
+I can find in myself.
+
+01:21:08.013 --> 01:21:10.008
+No joy in such an outlook.
+
+01:21:22.030 --> 01:21:23.052
+I'm David Brinkley.
+
+01:21:23.070 --> 01:21:29.064
+NBC News, Kent State University in Ohio
+has had campus violence for three nights
+
+01:21:29.065 --> 01:21:32.000
+causing the National
+Guard to be called in.
+
+01:21:32.018 --> 01:21:36.052
+And today the Guardsman opened fire
+on the students killing four of them,
+
+01:21:36.054 --> 01:21:38.060
+two young men and two young women.
+
+01:21:38.088 --> 01:21:41.048
+Three were shot in the
+chest and one in the head.
+
+01:21:41.078 --> 01:21:45.044
+The students were protesting
+the American invasion of Cambodia,
+
+01:22:30.062 --> 01:22:50.020
+The to see goodbye.
+
+01:22:50.083 --> 01:22:55.028
+Four months after the incursion on President
+Johnson's home countercultural icon,
+
+01:22:55.028 --> 01:22:58.072
+the Grateful Dad visited campus for an
+impromptu concert and celebration of the
+
+01:22:58.084 --> 01:23:03.036
+November. The rock band performed on the
+steps of the student center in front of a
+
+01:23:03.036 --> 01:23:06.092
+massive crowd. But heavy rains cut
+the event short after only a half hour.
+
+01:23:07.055 --> 01:23:11.056
+Undeterred, the band returned the next
+day and performed in the DuPont Gymnasium.
+
+01:23:12.026 --> 01:23:16.012
+The Epic show lasted for hours with
+the Grateful Dead performing 52 songs.
+
+01:23:23.057 --> 01:23:23.557
+My
+
+01:23:42.037 --> 01:23:47.024
+Ho Joe's resignation in 1971 marked the
+shortest tenure of any president in MIT's
+
+01:23:47.024 --> 01:23:52.016
+history. Covo Jerome Wener was appointed
+his successor despite being seven years
+
+01:23:52.016 --> 01:23:52.516
+old.
+
+01:23:54.002 --> 01:23:56.068
+And may your administration be memorable?
+
+01:24:02.028 --> 01:24:07.033
+Jerome Wiesner was an electrical engineer
+who began his MIT career in 1942 at the
+
+01:24:07.033 --> 01:24:10.053
+radiation laboratory before moving with
+many of his colleagues to Los Alamos.
+
+01:24:11.037 --> 01:24:15.049
+After World War ii, he returned to campus
+as a professor of electrical engineering,
+
+01:24:15.049 --> 01:24:19.009
+eventually becoming the director of
+the Research Laboratory of electronics.
+
+01:24:19.058 --> 01:24:23.061
+He famously said that getting an education
+from MIT is like taking a drink from a
+
+01:24:23.061 --> 01:24:24.001
+fire hose,
+
+01:24:25.014 --> 01:24:26.001
+Dr. Wesner.
+
+01:24:26.001 --> 01:24:29.097
+But what really worries me today is what's
+gonna happen to us if machines can think
+
+01:24:30.003 --> 01:24:35.029
+and what interests me specifically is
+can they, Well, that's very hard question,
+
+01:24:35.029 --> 01:24:36.061
+answer if you'd ask me that question.
+
+01:24:36.061 --> 01:24:39.061
+Just a few years ago, I'd have
+said it was very farfetched today.
+
+01:24:39.061 --> 01:24:41.069
+I just have to admit,
+I don't really know.
+
+01:24:41.092 --> 01:24:45.053
+I suspect if you come back in four or
+five years, I'll say, sure, they really do.
+
+01:24:46.032 --> 01:24:47.057
+Well if you're confused.
+
+01:24:47.057 --> 01:24:48.065
+Doctor, how do you think I feel?
+
+01:24:50.002 --> 01:24:54.037
+We also had an impressive KU in Washington
+during Eisenhower's administration.
+
+01:24:54.066 --> 01:24:57.045
+He advocated heavily to close
+the missile gap with the Soviets.
+
+01:24:57.073 --> 01:24:59.059
+But became a voice of
+restraint with Kennedy.
+
+01:25:00.032 --> 01:25:03.035
+He argued against man space missions
+because of their extreme danger.
+
+01:25:03.065 --> 01:25:06.087
+And he warned frequently
+of nuclear holocaust.
+
+01:25:08.044 --> 01:25:11.087
+He returned to MIT to become Dean
+of the School of Science, then provost,
+
+01:25:12.026 --> 01:25:13.019
+then president.
+
+01:25:15.015 --> 01:25:16.027
+Exciting and challenging.
+
+01:25:16.027 --> 01:25:18.071
+But doesn't it worry?
+
+01:25:19.050 --> 01:25:23.091
+Well, sure it worries me, but you know,
+the problems posed by the computer are
+
+01:25:23.091 --> 01:25:27.027
+really no different than the problems
+we have with other products of technology.
+
+01:25:27.074 --> 01:25:31.051
+It's gonna take a great deal of wisdom
+on our part to manage them, but if we do,
+
+01:25:31.080 --> 01:25:33.079
+we are going to make a much better world.
+
+01:25:34.087 --> 01:25:36.007
+Thank you, Dr. We
+
+01:25:36.078 --> 01:25:40.007
+Reason, as presidency created
+a more well-rounded education,
+
+01:25:42.084 --> 01:25:46.079
+he established the Council for the Arts
+at MIT and created the Ness Student Art
+
+01:25:46.079 --> 01:25:56.007
+Gallery. He also expanded the scope
+of sha, the School of Humanities,
+
+01:25:56.007 --> 01:26:21.071
+Arts and Social Sciences to west part,
+Notable for his enthusiasm for student life
+
+01:26:21.097 --> 01:26:24.059
+and was often seen around campus
+engaging with the student body.
+
+01:26:24.093 --> 01:26:28.003
+You don't have to actually go out
+and ask every student, you know,
+
+01:26:28.003 --> 01:26:29.031
+what's your opinion on this issue?
+
+01:26:29.041 --> 01:26:32.027
+Lot of 'em aren't gonna have opinions
+on any random issue that you pick,
+
+01:26:32.027 --> 01:26:35.047
+but you've gotta at least say, We are
+about to make a decision on this kind of
+
+01:26:35.047 --> 01:26:38.023
+thing. Anybody who's interested,
+you know, please submit comments.
+
+01:26:38.037 --> 01:26:42.035
+Now, three years ago, this institute
+went to a big decision of should we have a
+
+01:26:42.035 --> 01:26:45.003
+medical school? I didn't know about it.
+
+01:26:45.003 --> 01:26:48.019
+I've been here five years
+and all the time I was here,
+
+01:26:48.019 --> 01:26:51.051
+nobody even suggested that we were
+going through that kind of a discussion.
+
+01:26:52.013 --> 01:26:54.015
+Why not? Why weren't
+
+01:26:54.015 --> 01:26:54.099
+Students? Do you wanna know?
+
+01:26:54.099 --> 01:27:01.015
+Why not? Yeah. If we had to answer in
+four days and because we had, you know,
+
+01:27:01.015 --> 01:27:06.003
+it was obvious that we couldn't afford
+to, Did it make a lot of sense to have a big
+
+01:27:06.043 --> 01:27:07.067
+exercise and frustration?
+
+01:27:07.078 --> 01:27:10.063
+Should we or shouldn't we have a medical
+school that we didn't have the a hundred
+
+01:27:10.063 --> 01:27:12.011
+million that was gonna take the bill?
+
+01:27:12.049 --> 01:27:16.051
+The only way we could say yes is if
+we could find somebody who would match the
+
+01:27:16.051 --> 01:27:20.003
+government money with a
+promise of 50 million cash.
+
+01:27:21.041 --> 01:27:26.019
+And Dr. Killian and I said,
+Let's try and then we can,
+
+01:27:26.057 --> 01:27:30.027
+and we hit five people
+that we knew, or x people,
+
+01:27:30.030 --> 01:27:31.095
+I don't know how many
+we finally talked to,
+
+01:27:31.095 --> 01:27:36.091
+but someone we couldn't even reach who
+we thought were interested enough in medical
+
+01:27:36.091 --> 01:27:41.019
+schools, mit, and a whole thing to
+see whether anyone was willing, you know,
+
+01:27:41.019 --> 01:27:41.519
+to say Sure.
+
+01:27:42.055 --> 01:27:42.555
+<laugh>.
+
+01:27:43.081 --> 01:27:45.091
+And, and nobody did.
+
+01:27:46.090 --> 01:27:50.051
+This was five days after Howard
+became president of this institution.
+
+01:27:51.029 --> 01:27:56.023
+Six months before we had been totaling
+up the bill on what we thought it was.
+
+01:27:56.024 --> 01:28:00.039
+We were gonna have to raise to do the
+things we thought already had to be done to
+
+01:28:00.039 --> 01:28:03.043
+keep the promises that had been made,
+like dormitories and new buildings.
+
+01:28:03.043 --> 01:28:06.047
+And so, and that came to 200
+million that we didn't have.
+
+01:28:07.005 --> 01:28:13.015
+You know, And I don't see why that kind
+of a decision has to be put to a popular
+
+01:28:13.015 --> 01:28:14.079
+referendum. And in fact, I don't think
+
+01:28:14.079 --> 01:28:16.035
+It has to be put to popular referendum.
+
+01:28:16.035 --> 01:28:18.067
+I think you just have to say
+that, that you're making it.
+
+01:28:18.067 --> 01:28:22.039
+So that made, who
+
+01:28:22.039 --> 01:28:25.059
+Knows, One of the students might have
+known somebody with 50 million in his
+
+01:28:25.059 --> 01:28:26.011
+Pocket.
+
+01:28:28.050 --> 01:28:29.027
+That's all.
+
+01:28:51.031 --> 01:28:52.051
+Hello? Yes sir.
+
+01:28:52.051 --> 01:28:55.071
+This cap, cap on that thing
+on I'm gonna do is, you know,
+
+01:28:55.071 --> 01:28:57.087
+we're gonna do it now two
+months from now, but yes.
+
+01:28:58.056 --> 01:29:02.063
+Uh, I hope you, uh, realize
+how strongly I feel about that.
+
+01:29:02.063 --> 01:29:04.055
+Oh, I do. Yes. And I
+hope you agree with it.
+
+01:29:04.055 --> 01:29:09.003
+Now, the point that I wanna make, however,
+is that I think your figure for MIT has
+
+01:29:09.003 --> 01:29:10.031
+gotta be low. Let me explain.
+
+01:29:10.031 --> 01:29:16.003
+Mm-hmm. <affirmative>, we're putting over
+500 million a year into that damned, uh,
+
+01:29:16.099 --> 01:29:18.027
+National Science Foundation.
+
+01:29:18.045 --> 01:29:21.063
+Yes. You know, isn't that true for
+the whole, for the whole foundation?
+
+01:29:21.063 --> 01:29:23.023
+I think that's just right.
+
+01:29:23.023 --> 01:29:26.075
+But that's all, all of that
+money goes to basic research.
+
+01:29:26.075 --> 01:29:30.039
+In other words, none of that's
+for laser be, or, Right.
+
+01:29:30.048 --> 01:29:34.039
+No, that's right. The the, what I wanna
+do is to take that and cut that to a
+
+01:29:34.039 --> 01:29:37.059
+hundred million. That's, but that
+is not just one institution, sir.
+
+01:29:37.059 --> 01:29:38.083
+I know it is. I know it isn't.
+
+01:29:38.083 --> 01:29:41.031
+But I understand MIT gets
+a hell of a chunk of that.
+
+01:29:41.031 --> 01:29:45.071
+They get as closely as we can
+figure approximately 40 then,
+
+01:29:45.071 --> 01:29:46.095
+then why can't we cut that?
+
+01:29:46.095 --> 01:29:49.035
+Well, that's, that, that was,
+that was the area we, Well,
+
+01:29:49.035 --> 01:29:51.079
+but he said there was only
+31 million that could.
+
+01:29:51.093 --> 01:29:57.044
+Be cut. And uh, and, and my point is that
+if they get 40 million from the National
+
+01:29:57.044 --> 01:29:58.099
+Science Foundation, we just cut it out.
+
+01:29:58.099 --> 01:29:59.095
+Mm-hmm. <affirmative>. Mm-hmm.
+
+01:29:59.099 --> 01:30:02.091
+<affirmative>. You see my point? Because
+that's all subsidy of teacher salaries.
+
+01:30:02.091 --> 01:30:06.080
+Yeah. But you know, I'm thinking
+of a 50, 60% cut, you know, for all.
+
+01:30:06.080 --> 01:30:08.064
+We've gotta have an austerity
+budget next year.
+
+01:30:08.064 --> 01:30:10.023
+Yeah. And this is an opportunity mm-hmm.
+
+01:30:10.027 --> 01:30:13.091
+<affirmative> because higher education
+is way, way over subsidized.
+
+01:30:13.091 --> 01:30:14.084
+They've gotten fat.
+
+01:30:14.084 --> 01:30:18.035
+Yeah. And, uh, frankly, uh, I just
+think we ought to bust them hard.
+
+01:30:18.035 --> 01:30:20.095
+Well, we we're gonna have to
+find plenty of areas to do it.
+
+01:30:20.095 --> 01:30:22.064
+And this is a, uh, perfectly good way.
+
+01:30:22.064 --> 01:30:25.064
+Well, education generally, you know,
+is an area that you've gotta dig into.
+
+01:30:25.064 --> 01:30:27.088
+Yeah. But anyway, you
+can see what I mean.
+
+01:30:27.088 --> 01:30:29.060
+You can't knock down the university.
+
+01:30:29.060 --> 01:30:31.076
+You, California is uh mm-hmm.
+
+01:30:31.099 --> 01:30:34.052
+Lab for whatever the hell they're
+doing and this and that.
+
+01:30:34.057 --> 01:30:37.048
+But what I mean is that when we're
+in the piddly wing stuff mm-hmm.
+
+01:30:37.052 --> 01:30:42.044
+<affirmative> like, uh, oh, you know,
+uh, I think some of this transportation and
+
+01:30:42.044 --> 01:30:43.068
+environment stuff is Yeah.
+
+01:30:43.068 --> 01:30:48.015
+Where it's, but you know, I want a
+ruthless examination of it and we'll just
+
+01:30:48.015 --> 01:30:49.007
+tighten them all up.
+
+01:30:49.007 --> 01:30:51.019
+Mm-hmm. <affirmative> and
+not renew the contracts.
+
+01:30:51.019 --> 01:30:53.003
+Yeah. Well it's right.
+
+01:30:53.006 --> 01:30:56.056
+And we'll just go right after these
+people and knock their brains off.
+
+01:30:56.065 --> 01:30:58.084
+Now, I've been trying
+to do this for years.
+
+01:30:58.084 --> 01:30:59.007
+You
+
+01:30:59.007 --> 01:30:59.507
+Know,
+
+01:31:02.065 --> 01:31:05.076
+The Nixon administration made significant
+changes to the federal budget,
+
+01:31:05.091 --> 01:31:09.031
+including a 10% reduction
+of NASA funding in 1971.
+
+01:31:09.044 --> 01:31:13.095
+After four successful moon
+landings, a year later,
+
+01:31:14.027 --> 01:31:16.060
+humans would stand on the
+moon for the last time.
+
+01:31:21.069 --> 01:31:24.091
+The final Apollo mission launched a
+few months after the Watergate scandal,
+
+01:31:25.011 --> 01:31:27.068
+which marks at the beginning
+of the end of the presidency.
+
+01:31:29.070 --> 01:31:33.015
+Former US President Henry
+Truman died in 1972.
+
+01:31:33.034 --> 01:31:38.011
+And Linda B. Johnson followed in 1973,
+meaning that at the time of Nixon's
+
+01:31:38.011 --> 01:31:41.056
+resignation a year later, there
+remains no living US presidents,
+
+01:31:49.093 --> 01:31:52.077
+among the evidence used against
+Nixon West's enemy's list,
+
+01:31:52.089 --> 01:31:56.009
+which named political opponents deemed
+a threat to the Nixon administration.
+
+01:31:58.002 --> 01:32:01.040
+MIT had more names on this list
+than any other single organization,
+
+01:32:01.040 --> 01:32:04.009
+including Professor
+Chomsky and President.
+
+01:32:14.010 --> 01:32:15.048
+I'm not satisfied with that.
+
+01:32:22.048 --> 01:32:34.093
+Subsidized they get
+
+01:33:16.027 --> 01:33:21.066
+By the late 1970s social tension still
+pervaded Boston as attempts to alleviate
+
+01:33:21.066 --> 01:33:22.082
+disparities continued.
+
+01:33:24.085 --> 01:33:26.014
+It's cheering them a pat.
+
+01:33:26.014 --> 01:33:27.023
+I'm not for this.
+
+01:33:27.023 --> 01:33:28.010
+I don't care.
+
+01:33:28.015 --> 01:33:31.066
+My one will not go to school,
+but it's chairman path.
+
+01:33:31.081 --> 01:33:32.010
+I
+
+01:33:32.010 --> 01:33:35.006
+Wouldn't care if they were green or purple
+with the idea of putting my kid on a bus
+
+01:33:35.006 --> 01:33:37.047
+when I have a school right across
+the street and where they should go.
+
+01:33:37.049 --> 01:33:38.074
+I don't care what color they are.
+
+01:33:38.074 --> 01:33:40.031
+All
+They want is a seat in this school.
+
+01:33:40.056 --> 01:33:41.055
+Nothing else.
+
+01:33:41.060 --> 01:33:52.066
+Let us go to our neighborhood if I, you
+
+01:33:55.052 --> 01:33:59.078
+And why we was in school that was throwing
+glass at black peoples and little kids.
+
+01:34:00.002 --> 01:34:02.043
+What's with
+This again? Ride the clap.
+
+01:34:03.061 --> 01:34:06.002
+I think it's gonna be all
+right if everybody comes.
+
+01:34:06.010 --> 01:34:09.082
+Stop being scared cuz Shoot, I don't
+think there's nothing to be scared of.
+
+01:34:11.023 --> 01:34:11.523
+Um,
+
+01:34:13.098 --> 01:34:20.039
+We're, we're for you for believing
+the dreams come true.
+
+01:34:21.010 --> 01:34:22.002
+We're for
+
+01:34:22.077 --> 01:34:23.039
+Paying
+
+01:34:23.039 --> 01:34:26.090
+The bills and working the bills for you.
+
+01:34:27.035 --> 01:34:33.063
+We're for hope, for learning
+to cope, for kissing the,
+
+01:34:59.060 --> 01:35:01.090
+The world outside of Cambridge
+was rapidly changing.
+
+01:35:02.013 --> 01:35:02.513
+The
+
+01:35:14.057 --> 01:35:18.098
+Students faced increasing financial
+challenges as MIT felt the pressures of a
+
+01:35:18.098 --> 01:35:30.016
+global recession and the economy at
+large faced profound de-industrialization.
+
+01:35:41.057 --> 01:35:42.085
+It was the end of an era.
+
+01:36:08.038 --> 01:36:08.538
+Ooh.
+
+01:36:10.010 --> 01:36:12.052
+Things are going get easier.
+
+01:36:13.098 --> 01:36:27.072
+Ooh. Chow things get brighter
+things, things buy.
+
+01:36:31.078 --> 01:36:49.015
+Yeah. Put and get when the world is much.
+
+01:39:08.099 --> 01:39:15.066
+Thank you. I moved to recall
+the days of World War II when, uh,
+
+01:39:15.066 --> 01:39:20.070
+loosely n but intense community of science
+and technology spanned the Atlantic
+
+01:39:21.023 --> 01:39:24.086
+between the British on the one hand,
+and the Americans on the other side.
+
+01:39:26.010 --> 01:39:30.063
+Thousands of persons earnestly
+engaged in waging that terrible war.
+
+01:39:31.007 --> 01:39:36.002
+Anxious for the best ideas and the
+best criticism on how the weapons of war,
+
+01:39:36.002 --> 01:39:40.027
+the new weapons, the radar, the aircraft,
+all those things which arose at that time
+
+01:39:40.047 --> 01:39:43.039
+could be used in the search
+for the precious victory.
+
+01:39:45.024 --> 01:39:50.031
+Our power to shape is a
+power for good and for evil.
+
+01:39:50.031 --> 01:39:54.066
+There is no more obvious comment
+that I could make than that.
+
+01:39:55.018 --> 01:39:58.031
+What our power for shaping
+means seems to me.
+
+01:39:58.031 --> 01:39:59.078
+It's double, It implies.
+
+01:40:00.000 --> 01:40:02.024
+Responsibility for those forms we make.
+
+01:40:03.038 --> 01:40:08.096
+And since we can shape the world and
+can sometimes shape it well, it implies,
+
+01:40:08.099 --> 01:40:14.084
+I believe, most firmly hope as well for
+the forms we can make in the landscape.
+
+01:40:54.042 --> 01:40:58.099
+When you're saying that, that you're
+putting some sort of blame on me, that no.
+
+01:40:59.093 --> 01:41:00.055
+But then what
+
+01:41:01.021 --> 01:41:04.039
+Off a spectacular fire,
+two workers are dead.
+
+01:41:04.039 --> 01:41:06.003
+And here's ABC's Charles Murphy.
+
+01:41:12.044 --> 01:41:16.091
+In the 1980s, the United States government
+imposed significant austerity measures,
+
+01:41:16.098 --> 01:41:20.067
+slashing the federal budget
+across all non-essential sectors.
+
+01:41:40.010 --> 01:41:44.039
+Across the country, research laboratories
+and university students looked for news
+
+01:41:44.039 --> 01:41:45.083
+sources to fill the funding gap.
+
+01:41:48.024 --> 01:41:51.027
+Private corporations stood
+ready to seize the opportunity.
+
+01:41:55.060 --> 01:41:59.015
+Private companies rapidly expanded
+their financial ties to MIT,
+
+01:41:59.038 --> 01:42:04.027
+offering scholarships to students funding
+for professorships and heavily investing
+
+01:42:04.027 --> 01:42:05.095
+in cooperative projects
+with the institute.
+
+01:42:12.006 --> 01:42:15.067
+This new status quo was embodied
+most iconically by the Media Lab
+
+01:42:17.092 --> 01:42:23.059
+founded 1985 by architect Nicholas Negroponte
+and former MIT president Jerome
+
+01:42:23.059 --> 01:42:28.011
+Weisner. The Media Lab proposed a completely
+new model for scientific research and
+
+01:42:28.011 --> 01:42:28.511
+funding.
+
+01:42:29.081 --> 01:42:34.075
+The media laboratory at Massachusetts
+Institute of is a center for Advanced study
+
+01:42:34.075 --> 01:42:38.067
+and research. More specifically, the
+Media Laboratory is a place where the
+
+01:42:38.067 --> 01:42:43.031
+invention of new means of communication
+is tied to their innovative use.
+
+01:42:44.084 --> 01:42:48.059
+Instead of competing for public and
+private dollars on a per project basis,
+
+01:42:48.081 --> 01:42:53.003
+the media lab allowed corporations and
+government agencies to subscribe to general
+
+01:42:53.039 --> 01:42:58.019
+research themes. These subscribers
+commonly referred to as member companies,
+
+01:42:58.034 --> 01:43:02.000
+received access to the media, lab's,
+human capital, and intellectual property
+
+01:43:03.008 --> 01:43:04.088
+Designed by I Pay and Partners.
+
+01:43:04.098 --> 01:43:09.004
+The building was officially
+dedicated October 2nd, 1985.
+
+01:43:10.083 --> 01:43:14.036
+It's equipped with the world's most
+sophisticated computing equipment,
+
+01:43:14.036 --> 01:43:20.020
+including a supercomputer for
+mainframes, 60 AI workstations,
+
+01:43:20.054 --> 01:43:26.056
+and over 300 personal computers for the
+production and recognition of all forms of
+
+01:43:26.056 --> 01:43:27.072
+sound and pictures.
+
+01:43:30.016 --> 01:43:33.060
+Fundraising is an essential function
+of any research lab and marketing is the
+
+01:43:33.060 --> 01:43:34.048
+engine of fundraising.
+
+01:43:34.094 --> 01:43:39.056
+But unlike most labs with successful
+marketing means publishing papers and
+
+01:43:39.056 --> 01:43:44.032
+releasing data, the media lab affected
+a more our inspiring technique about
+
+01:43:44.032 --> 01:43:47.028
+The protocols. Yeah, looks
+like I'm free this afternoon.
+
+01:43:47.028 --> 01:43:48.020
+Let's see if he has time.
+
+01:43:48.095 --> 01:43:51.008
+When can I meet with
+Walter This afternoon
+
+01:43:51.059 --> 01:43:53.080
+With room? Do you want
+to meet this afternoon
+
+01:43:54.031 --> 01:43:54.531
+Walter
+
+01:43:56.009 --> 01:43:57.016
+Meeting with Walter.
+
+01:43:57.016 --> 01:44:03.048
+Scheduled today at one, getting
+a call from Barry Hi,
+
+01:44:04.005 --> 01:44:08.064
+In which Media Lab demos captivated
+audiences securing press coverage and
+
+01:44:08.064 --> 01:44:14.020
+attracting investors. Some of the work
+at the Media Lab was farfetched and never
+
+01:44:14.040 --> 01:44:21.067
+intended to have any real impact, but
+a number of projects propel digital computing
+
+01:44:21.067 --> 01:44:22.031
+into the future.
+
+01:44:29.040 --> 01:44:34.037
+A hundred years ago, I don't think anybody
+would've said that machine intelligence
+
+01:44:34.037 --> 01:44:38.033
+was inevitable or even possible,
+but something happened.
+
+01:44:38.058 --> 01:44:43.073
+Uh, around the turn of the century, it
+was discovered that machines could do more
+
+01:44:43.073 --> 01:44:44.089
+than anyone had dreamed.
+
+01:44:44.089 --> 01:44:47.057
+It was implicit in the work
+of some mathematicians.
+
+01:44:48.027 --> 01:44:54.037
+And then, uh, the great magician Girdle
+discovered that it was possible for a
+
+01:44:54.037 --> 01:44:58.065
+machine to represent itself,
+represent its own workings and.
+
+01:44:59.053 --> 01:45:04.006
+That was the first glimmering of the
+idea that a machine could simulate another
+
+01:45:04.006 --> 01:45:05.054
+machine or simulate itself.
+
+01:45:06.000 --> 01:45:12.014
+The idea that a machine was an infinite
+source of variations, uh, is a new idea.
+
+01:45:13.002 --> 01:45:16.036
+And, uh, so I think it
+is a new step in evolution.
+
+01:45:16.036 --> 01:45:20.020
+There's never been anything
+like it or an idea like that.
+
+01:45:20.030 --> 01:45:24.068
+You see, until that point people thought
+that each machine did a certain thing,
+
+01:45:24.068 --> 01:45:28.012
+and that if you wanted something done,
+you would have to build a machine to do
+
+01:45:28.012 --> 01:45:29.048
+that, and that's all it could do.
+
+01:45:29.086 --> 01:45:33.008
+But this discovery in the
+1930s changed our view.
+
+01:45:33.033 --> 01:45:36.008
+It was discovered that if you
+made the right kind of machine,
+
+01:45:36.014 --> 01:45:40.012
+and that's what a computer is,
+it in a sense could do anything.
+
+01:46:10.080 --> 01:46:16.003
+In 1983, MIT and IBM entered into a hundred
+million partnership to create Project
+
+01:46:16.006 --> 01:46:16.506
+Athena.
+
+01:46:18.008 --> 01:46:18.078
+Project
+
+01:46:18.078 --> 01:46:23.087
+Athena is a pioneering experiment in
+education at the Massachusetts Institute of
+
+01:46:23.087 --> 01:46:29.087
+Technology. Its overall goal is to find
+out how the latest computer communications
+
+01:46:29.087 --> 01:46:34.047
+and graphics technologies can enhance
+all phases of the learning process.
+
+01:46:35.061 --> 01:46:41.091
+The basic tool of Project Athena is a
+campus-wide network of over 2,500 computer
+
+01:46:41.091 --> 01:46:47.047
+workstations now being installed, this
+system will help students and teachers not
+
+01:46:47.047 --> 01:46:52.043
+only create innovative educational
+software, but also to share programs,
+
+01:46:52.064 --> 01:46:57.047
+to exchange data, and to communicate
+with greater ease than ever before.
+
+01:46:58.029 --> 01:47:01.083
+The project led to the development of
+countless new computer system technologies.
+
+01:47:02.034 --> 01:47:03.059
+It's graphical interface.
+
+01:47:03.091 --> 01:47:07.099
+Protocol X is used in virtually every
+personal computer, even to this day,
+
+01:47:09.085 --> 01:47:13.043
+and its open source license can be
+found in millions of software projects.
+
+01:47:18.091 --> 01:47:23.035
+These algorithms and protocols became
+critical components of a nationwide project.
+
+01:47:23.082 --> 01:47:28.007
+A network composed of previously isolated
+military and university systems.
+
+01:47:28.087 --> 01:47:38.039
+Researchers were calling
+the project internet Project.
+
+01:47:38.042 --> 01:47:42.091
+Athena changed the face of MIT's campus
+and the working lives of MIT students.
+
+01:47:43.028 --> 01:47:47.079
+Whether they were in a dormitory or
+in the student center or in a lab in the
+
+01:47:47.079 --> 01:47:51.079
+tunnels beneath the concrete, students
+could sign into any Athena machine and
+
+01:47:51.079 --> 01:47:52.087
+access all their files.
+
+01:47:52.087 --> 01:47:56.067
+Instantly. They could email
+professors, take classes,
+
+01:47:56.082 --> 01:48:01.026
+send direct messages to friends, and access
+millions of books and journal articles.
+
+01:48:13.051 --> 01:48:17.030
+Of course, even with new technology
+to help make academic life easier,
+
+01:48:17.033 --> 01:48:19.054
+students couldn't study all the time.
+
+01:48:46.039 --> 01:48:49.066
+Doesn't get much above the top
+of the, the driver's building,
+
+01:48:49.066 --> 01:48:51.086
+but you get a good view of the
+cord and all the activity here.
+
+01:48:52.013 --> 01:48:53.082
+This is aur.
+
+01:49:29.085 --> 01:49:33.062
+Students were finding it increasingly
+difficult to prioritize anything other than
+
+01:49:33.062 --> 01:49:43.054
+school work. As a result, traditions
+and student organizations were struggling.
+
+01:49:45.024 --> 01:49:54.002
+The undergraduate association, the
+UA was disintegrated in February of 1983.
+
+01:49:54.016 --> 01:49:58.070
+The UA held its general assembly in annual
+meeting that all members are expected to
+
+01:49:58.070 --> 01:50:03.058
+attend. The president forgot to show up.
+
+01:50:03.092 --> 01:50:05.074
+And so did over 100 others.
+
+01:50:07.035 --> 01:50:10.002
+In total, seven assembly
+members attended the meeting.
+
+01:50:54.047 --> 01:50:57.060
+Students were developing a more
+serious approach to academic life,
+
+01:50:57.082 --> 01:50:59.024
+and they felt like they had to.
+
+01:50:59.069 --> 01:51:01.004
+Tuition was sky high.
+
+01:51:01.024 --> 01:51:03.092
+Their futures were full
+of questions, not promises.
+
+01:51:04.057 --> 01:51:08.068
+In response, many students chased after
+the high paying jobs of the new economy
+
+01:51:11.071 --> 01:51:13.056
+with a deregulated Wall Street.
+
+01:51:14.006 --> 01:51:19.092
+MIT students saw opportunity in high finance
+as meritocracy surpassed nepotism jobs
+
+01:51:19.092 --> 01:51:21.092
+that Morgan Stanley were
+no longer limited to.
+
+01:51:21.092 --> 01:51:23.020
+Legacy Harvard graduates.
+
+01:51:24.022 --> 01:51:25.056
+MIT students could compete.
+
+01:51:36.046 --> 01:51:41.020
+The war contractors and government agencies
+that protestors denounced in the 1960s
+
+01:51:41.020 --> 01:51:42.012
+was still intact.
+
+01:51:46.015 --> 01:51:50.068
+What they now had to compete with these
+high paying firms for MIT's most valuable
+
+01:51:50.092 --> 01:51:51.012
+resource,
+
+01:52:06.063 --> 01:52:07.068
+More technology.
+
+01:52:30.084 --> 01:52:37.011
+In January, 1978, NASA screened 8,000
+applications to choose 35 individuals for
+
+01:52:37.011 --> 01:52:38.007
+astronaut. Group eight.
+
+01:52:38.095 --> 01:52:42.071
+Group eight was the first class of scientists
+astronauts chosen in more than 10
+
+01:52:42.071 --> 01:52:48.063
+years. The proceeding class had been
+formed in 1967 when Apollo missions were
+
+01:52:48.063 --> 01:52:51.027
+failing and the future of
+NASA was in serious question.
+
+01:52:53.002 --> 01:52:53.087
+Throughout
+
+01:52:53.087 --> 01:52:58.007
+The 1970s, there were actually too
+many trained astronauts waiting for the
+
+01:52:58.007 --> 01:52:59.039
+opportunity to fly in space.
+
+01:53:01.008 --> 01:53:03.078
+An opportunity that was
+becoming increasingly there.
+
+01:53:14.031 --> 01:53:18.038
+In the 1980s, the dream of becoming
+a space fairing people was reborn.
+
+01:53:19.062 --> 01:53:20.086
+Beautiful, beautiful.
+
+01:53:21.030 --> 01:53:21.086
+Route
+
+01:53:21.086 --> 01:53:26.002
+Eight was a trailblazing class of accomplished
+scientists and pilots intended to
+
+01:53:26.002 --> 01:53:28.058
+launch NASA into a new
+era of space exploration.
+
+01:53:30.028 --> 01:53:33.022
+The group included the
+first six women astronauts,
+
+01:53:33.040 --> 01:53:37.030
+the first three African American astronauts,
+and the first Asian American
+
+01:53:37.030 --> 01:53:42.078
+astronaut. Four members of this class
+would be chosen to through the space shuttle
+
+01:53:43.010 --> 01:53:46.006
+Challenger, including MIT
+graduate Ronald McNair.
+
+01:53:46.064 --> 01:53:47.078
+Yep. Much more.
+
+01:53:47.078 --> 01:53:49.058
+Here he is, <laugh>.
+
+01:53:50.027 --> 01:53:55.038
+In 1984, he returned from a successful
+flight aboard NASA space shuttle and became
+
+01:53:55.038 --> 01:53:57.002
+the second black man to fly in space.
+
+01:53:58.021 --> 01:54:05.018
+It's one of those indescribable things
+and uh, a guy can have that pr I'm gonna get
+
+01:54:05.018 --> 01:54:06.078
+back in line to fly <laugh> <laugh>.
+
+01:54:09.085 --> 01:54:10.074
+Anyway, thanks.
+
+01:54:10.074 --> 01:54:12.054
+It's, it's great seeing all of you.
+
+01:54:12.059 --> 01:54:17.066
+So look around. It's just, uh, really
+heartwarming experience and pleasure to see
+
+01:54:18.005 --> 01:54:21.070
+people who are genuinely appreciative.
+
+01:54:21.070 --> 01:54:26.082
+People who generally, genuinely express
+a certain warmth in your faces.
+
+01:54:26.082 --> 01:54:28.014
+And it's just nice to see it.
+
+01:54:28.060 --> 01:54:30.018
+And, uh, I thank you for it.
+
+01:54:30.018 --> 01:54:31.018
+Thank you for coming out.
+
+01:54:31.070 --> 01:54:36.030
+Thank you. You take out insurance.
+
+01:54:37.031 --> 01:54:39.094
+As you move into those
+jobs in the industry,
+
+01:54:41.009 --> 01:54:45.030
+you'll fire the world will
+start to get quite frigid.
+
+01:54:46.034 --> 01:54:51.054
+Those of you that are headed for academia
+as either on the elementary, secondary,
+
+01:54:51.059 --> 01:54:57.034
+or a college level as you move into
+those areas in an attempt to rectify the
+
+01:54:57.054 --> 01:54:59.098
+negative trends in education
+throughout our nation today,
+
+01:55:00.056 --> 01:55:04.066
+you find that the world
+can get downright icy,
+
+01:55:06.072 --> 01:55:10.026
+but do not let the world's adversity
+either stifle your enthusiasm,
+
+01:55:11.044 --> 01:55:12.074
+nor blind your vision.
+
+01:55:13.048 --> 01:55:18.074
+But the struggle towards excellence must
+ever be conducted on the high plains of
+
+01:55:18.074 --> 01:55:23.014
+self confidence, a sense of
+purpose and positive thought.
+
+01:55:24.054 --> 01:55:28.035
+Go forth with the knowledge
+that you are better than enough,
+
+01:55:29.032 --> 01:55:35.051
+go forth with a desire to accomplish
+with desire to contribute to our society.
+
+01:55:36.015 --> 01:55:36.515
+Great.
+
+01:55:42.046 --> 01:55:44.063
+Almost all this
+
+01:55:50.003 --> 01:55:50.503
+I was,
+
+01:56:04.036 --> 01:56:08.097
+This is shuttle launch control att
+two minutes, 20, I mean two hours,
+
+01:56:08.097 --> 01:56:10.013
+28 minutes in county.
+
+01:56:10.013 --> 01:56:14.033
+Here comes the, uh, 51 hour flight
+crew boarding the elevator, uh,
+
+01:56:14.033 --> 01:56:15.085
+for the second time in two days.
+
+01:56:16.057 --> 01:56:26.057
+Commander non McNair and uh, pilot Mike
+Smith, followed by Crystal mcCal of teacher
+
+01:56:26.057 --> 01:56:31.041
+in space, Ellison Zuka and
+payload specialist Greg Jarvis.
+
+01:56:32.031 --> 01:56:33.057
+Big smiles today,
+
+01:56:35.081 --> 01:56:41.052
+T minus 15 seconds minus Tim.
+
+01:56:42.003 --> 01:56:45.032
+9, 8, 7 6.
+
+01:56:45.061 --> 01:56:46.096
+We have main engine.
+
+01:56:46.096 --> 01:56:57.028
+Start 4, 3, 2, 1 and lift off, lift off
+of the shuttle mission and it is cleared
+
+01:56:57.028 --> 01:56:57.528
+the tower.
+
+01:57:06.031 --> 01:57:07.028
+Good roll program.
+
+01:57:07.028 --> 01:57:09.080
+Confirmed challenger.
+
+01:57:09.080 --> 01:57:22.076
+Now heading down range engines beginning
+throttling down now at 94%.
+
+01:57:23.023 --> 01:57:25.008
+Normal throttles motion.
+
+01:57:25.012 --> 01:57:32.004
+Most of the plane 104% will
+throttle down to 65% shortly.
+
+01:57:35.065 --> 01:57:37.012
+Engines at 65%.
+
+01:57:37.012 --> 01:57:39.080
+Three engines running normally
+three good fuel ls.
+
+01:57:39.080 --> 01:57:48.056
+Three good APUS velocity 8 2257 feet
+per second altitude 4.3 nautical miles down
+
+01:57:48.056 --> 01:57:57.008
+range distance, three nautical miles
+engines throttling up three engines now
+
+01:57:57.008 --> 01:58:07.068
+hundred four challenger go and throttle
+up thro one minute 15 seconds.
+
+01:58:08.000 --> 01:58:11.068
+Velocity 2,900 feet per second altitude,
+nine miles down range distance.
+
+01:58:11.068 --> 01:58:11.568
+Seven
+
+01:58:41.068 --> 01:58:42.076
+Families of the astronauts.
+
+01:58:43.071 --> 01:58:44.064
+Very carefully.
+
+01:58:46.088 --> 01:58:48.072
+Obviously a major malfunction.
+
+01:58:54.045 --> 01:58:55.056
+We have no down link.
+
+01:59:07.037 --> 01:59:10.092
+Reports from the flight dynamics
+officer indicate that the vehicle, uh,
+
+01:59:12.012 --> 01:59:15.060
+apparently exploded and that,
+uh, impact, uh, in the water.
+
+01:59:16.027 --> 01:59:17.084
+Good evening. Here's what's happening.
+
+01:59:17.090 --> 01:59:21.096
+The report on the space shuttle disaster
+is now in President Reagan's hands and the
+
+01:59:21.096 --> 01:59:24.036
+public will get a look
+at it on Monday tonight.
+
+01:59:24.036 --> 01:59:28.024
+CNN John Hallman reports some hard
+fought battles among members of the
+
+01:59:28.024 --> 01:59:30.004
+investigative commission
+that wrote the report.
+
+01:59:30.030 --> 01:59:34.084
+One member was harshly critical of nasa
+and therein lies the tale that John Hallman
+
+01:59:34.084 --> 01:59:37.048
+unfolds now from Washington Morning.
+
+01:59:37.079 --> 01:59:42.020
+It's a commission member Richard Fineman
+charged that NASA had virtually ignored
+
+01:59:42.020 --> 01:59:46.012
+the principles of physics and good scientific
+practice in designing, testing,
+
+01:59:46.012 --> 01:59:47.052
+and building the space shuttle.
+
+01:59:47.090 --> 01:59:51.096
+The Nobel Prize winning physicist wrote
+a section of the final report known as
+
+01:59:51.096 --> 01:59:53.068
+Chapter F Commission.
+
+01:59:53.068 --> 01:59:56.068
+Sources say, Chairman William Rogers
+read the chapter and was furious.
+
+01:59:57.017 --> 01:59:59.083
+He called Fineman to Washington
+Wednesday and urged.
+
+02:00:00.000 --> 02:00:04.088
+Honed down his criticism of NASA because
+Chapter F threatened to destroy public
+
+02:00:04.088 --> 02:00:06.068
+confidence in the space agency.
+
+02:00:09.095 --> 02:00:14.016
+That was Richard Fineman, the Nobel
+Prize winning physicist who startled the
+
+02:00:14.016 --> 02:00:17.064
+commission months signal when he dipped
+an O ring into his glass of ice water to
+
+02:00:17.064 --> 02:00:18.080
+show that it wouldn't work when it
+
+02:00:18.080 --> 02:00:22.068
+Was cold. Discovered that when you put
+some pressure on it for a while and then
+
+02:00:22.068 --> 02:00:26.008
+undo it, it maintains,
+it doesn't stretch back.
+
+02:00:26.008 --> 02:00:27.060
+It stays the same dimension.
+
+02:00:27.060 --> 02:00:32.016
+In other words, for a few seconds
+at least, and more seconds than that,
+
+02:00:32.017 --> 02:00:35.000
+there's no resilience in
+this particular material.
+
+02:00:35.027 --> 02:00:42.040
+When it's at a temperature of 32 degrees,
+I believe that has some significance for
+
+02:00:42.040 --> 02:00:42.540
+our problem.
+
+02:00:43.062 --> 02:00:46.080
+How do you feel about the job
+your commission did generally?
+
+02:00:47.003 --> 02:00:48.056
+I think we did a pretty good job.
+
+02:00:48.056 --> 02:00:52.012
+It turned out to be easier in some respects
+than we could've imagined it was.
+
+02:00:52.012 --> 02:00:53.032
+I wanted to find out what happened.
+
+02:00:53.039 --> 02:00:54.008
+I, but
+
+02:00:54.008 --> 02:00:58.016
+I was curious, why did Chairman Rogers,
+uh, say at the White House today that it
+
+02:00:58.016 --> 02:01:00.092
+would turned out to be more difficult
+than he thought it was gonna be?
+
+02:01:00.092 --> 02:01:01.084
+What was he talking about?
+
+02:01:02.035 --> 02:01:04.080
+Well, maybe we had different
+expectations.
+
+02:01:06.003 --> 02:01:09.096
+It's strange because at the very
+beginning of this commission meetings,
+
+02:01:09.096 --> 02:01:13.064
+I remember Mr. Rogers saying, Well, of
+course we may never find out what may the
+
+02:01:13.084 --> 02:01:17.028
+accident occur. And that turned
+out that's what I meant was easy.
+
+02:01:17.039 --> 02:01:18.092
+I see.
+You know, what happened and you,
+
+02:01:18.092 --> 02:01:23.036
+You know, what happened? What was difficult,
+and I think maybe he's referring to
+
+02:01:23.036 --> 02:01:29.032
+this, was the discovery of these weaknesses
+inside of NASA and their attitudes.
+
+02:01:29.032 --> 02:01:33.024
+Mm-hmm. <affirmative>, this kind
+of illogic about safety and so forth,
+
+02:01:33.024 --> 02:01:37.052
+which was so extensive from an organization
+which had such a reputation in the
+
+02:01:37.052 --> 02:01:41.096
+country that it was hard for us to
+find it out in a sort of emotional way,
+
+02:01:42.037 --> 02:01:47.012
+is to have to come around and say that
+the wizard of ours, which everybody respect,
+
+02:01:47.078 --> 02:01:49.016
+has nothing behind it.
+
+02:01:57.009 --> 02:01:57.076
+Another
+
+02:01:57.076 --> 02:02:00.044
+Area where Boston flourishes
+is academics.
+
+02:02:01.006 --> 02:02:05.068
+The greater Boston area has more students
+per capita than any other region in
+
+02:02:05.068 --> 02:02:10.064
+America. Just across the Charles
+River stand, two academic giants.
+
+02:02:11.021 --> 02:02:21.048
+Harvard University, not far away is
+the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+
+02:02:22.039 --> 02:02:28.012
+Tech Students jokingly claim getting
+an education at MIT is like trying to drink
+
+02:02:28.012 --> 02:02:29.044
+from a fire hose
+
+02:02:30.027 --> 02:02:33.012
+Like the rest of the northeastern
+United States.
+
+02:02:33.022 --> 02:02:36.036
+The temperature in Boston
+fluctuates wildly.
+
+02:02:36.050 --> 02:02:40.072
+The middle of summer is hot and
+humid, and the winters can be harsh.
+
+02:02:43.007 --> 02:02:44.075
+Cambridge had a housing problem.
+
+02:02:45.061 --> 02:02:46.003
+MIT
+
+02:02:46.018 --> 02:02:46.518
+Said, Not
+
+02:02:47.065 --> 02:02:49.055
+Mit, we said, Noted
+
+02:02:50.001 --> 02:02:54.039
+Mit, despite the cold, a small crowd
+of Cambridge activists gathered near Central
+
+02:02:54.039 --> 02:02:58.091
+Square this afternoon to protest planned
+development of 27 acres of property owned
+
+02:02:58.091 --> 02:03:02.056
+by by mit working with Forest
+City, a private developer.
+
+02:03:02.070 --> 02:03:06.064
+MIT wants to build a multimillion dollar
+research and development complex here.
+
+02:03:06.082 --> 02:03:11.048
+The land known locally as the Simplex
+site has been the center of controversy for
+
+02:03:11.048 --> 02:03:16.032
+more than a decade. Today, opponents distributed
+documents they claim show that the
+
+02:03:16.032 --> 02:03:18.056
+developers deliberately
+mislead the public.
+
+02:03:18.085 --> 02:03:22.024
+By underestimating the size
+and scope of the planned project,
+
+02:03:24.082 --> 02:03:28.060
+MIT continued to expand and that meant
+less real estate for low income housing.
+
+02:03:29.059 --> 02:03:33.016
+A group of protesters, including
+both the homeless and homeowners,
+
+02:03:33.035 --> 02:03:38.068
+demanded that MIT construct at least 250
+low income housing units as accommodation
+
+02:03:38.076 --> 02:03:39.092
+for this planned demolition
+
+02:03:40.015 --> 02:03:44.012
+Issues. And the needs are so great.
+
+02:03:45.030 --> 02:03:52.088
+The passion and the outrage about the
+conditions under which we live causes us to
+
+02:03:52.088 --> 02:03:59.028
+go at each other and not to work
+together to deal with the real enemy,
+
+02:03:59.036 --> 02:04:02.076
+which is the greed of mit.
+
+02:04:03.055 --> 02:04:07.076
+He's right, is right.
+
+02:04:10.038 --> 02:04:14.080
+The sunset and what started as
+a protest turned into an occupation.
+
+02:04:18.046 --> 02:04:23.048
+100 homeless residents of Cambridge set
+up an encampment at MIT's University Park.
+
+02:04:24.003 --> 02:04:25.076
+They called it Tent City.
+
+02:04:36.073 --> 02:04:40.028
+In time, the protest arrived
+at the hood of MIT's campus.
+
+02:04:45.003 --> 02:04:48.052
+Students protested at the entrance
+of MIT alongside the homeless.
+
+02:04:52.040 --> 02:04:55.097
+They demanded that the institute accommodate
+the residents of Cambridge as it
+
+02:04:55.097 --> 02:04:56.085
+terraforms the city.
+
+02:04:59.068 --> 02:05:04.085
+What can happen in the future is directly
+related to whether or not people in the
+
+02:05:04.085 --> 02:05:10.057
+neighborhoods, people across the city
+get organized and say very clearly what they
+
+02:05:10.095 --> 02:05:15.081
+want in a process that they want
+to control, the development process,
+
+02:05:15.081 --> 02:05:19.020
+that they wanna hold the
+city, the b, the state,
+
+02:05:19.035 --> 02:05:21.081
+and the private developers accountable.
+
+02:05:21.081 --> 02:05:23.089
+People are not opposed to development.
+
+02:05:24.003 --> 02:05:27.061
+People wanna see things happen
+that are in their interests.
+
+02:05:45.072 --> 02:05:49.073
+Eventually, MIT police stormed
+the encampment and shut it down.
+
+02:05:49.091 --> 02:05:54.028
+Moving tents, clothing and personal
+belongings on the sidewalk outside the lot
+
+02:06:01.023 --> 02:06:03.013
+For
+15 minutes this afternoon.
+
+02:06:03.013 --> 02:06:07.005
+Millions linked hands to raise money
+for America's hungry and homeless
+
+02:06:07.005 --> 02:06:08.040
+Hands across America.
+
+02:06:08.073 --> 02:06:12.085
+Formed one human chain spanning
+16 states in the District of Columbia.
+
+02:06:13.024 --> 02:06:17.013
+Hens across Massachusetts, stretched
+from Boston Common through the public garden
+
+02:06:17.013 --> 02:06:20.016
+on both the Boston and Cambridge
+sides of the Charles River.
+
+02:06:20.040 --> 02:06:25.005
+Organizers say more than 6,000 took part
+in the local effort to help the hungry and
+
+02:06:25.024 --> 02:06:25.070
+homeless.
+
+02:06:25.070 --> 02:06:28.032
+I'm Andy Hiller on the
+Esplanade this afternoon.
+
+02:06:28.032 --> 02:06:32.081
+The scene before the people here
+joined hens was festive and playful and
+
+02:06:32.081 --> 02:06:37.073
+party-like, but there was real work being
+done and contributions collected and the
+
+02:06:37.073 --> 02:06:40.069
+work paid off. Do you ever
+think about being homeless?
+
+02:06:41.057 --> 02:06:46.093
+No. Because when people are born, there's
+always a place to go no matter what.
+
+02:06:53.044 --> 02:06:54.073
+It's a juicy steak.
+
+02:06:55.057 --> 02:06:56.081
+19. Shrimp and steak.
+
+02:06:56.084 --> 02:06:58.028
+Just 9 99.
+
+02:06:58.036 --> 02:06:59.097
+Hurry to Red Lobster.
+
+02:07:09.024 --> 02:07:15.020
+Just two hours ago, Allied Air Forces
+began an attack on military targets in Iraq
+
+02:07:15.020 --> 02:07:19.040
+and Kuwait. These attacks
+continue as I speak.
+
+02:07:20.024 --> 02:07:24.093
+Five months ago, sad ma saying,
+started this cruel war against Kuwait.
+
+02:07:25.041 --> 02:07:28.001
+Tonight, the battle has been joined
+
+02:07:28.019 --> 02:07:29.057
+With no further due.
+
+02:07:29.072 --> 02:07:30.032
+Here's
+
+02:07:30.032 --> 02:07:30.532
+Known.
+
+02:07:45.068 --> 02:07:52.013
+I guess it's not considered good form
+to start by, uh, admonishing your audience,
+
+02:07:52.013 --> 02:07:54.036
+but I don't think it's
+a time for cheering.
+
+02:07:55.061 --> 02:08:00.049
+Uh, in fact, it's not easy to
+talk about this topic at all.
+
+02:08:01.026 --> 02:08:04.089
+Uh, when we are just short of a decision,
+
+02:08:05.028 --> 02:08:10.089
+that's going to mean the slaughter of
+tens, if not hundreds of thousands of people.
+
+02:08:14.013 --> 02:08:16.016
+These are on, We're on a sign on.
+
+02:08:16.040 --> 02:08:19.089
+Yeah. Here we got it.
+
+02:08:19.089 --> 02:08:20.077
+I think so. Okay.
+
+02:08:20.077 --> 02:08:21.005
+We'll,
+
+02:08:21.074 --> 02:08:22.040
+Funding
+
+02:08:22.040 --> 02:08:25.013
+Is made possible by the
+National Science Foundation.
+
+02:08:26.002 --> 02:08:30.005
+US forces are expected to have an
+enormous advantage in combat with Iraq.
+
+02:08:30.019 --> 02:08:34.053
+That's because new technology allows Americans
+to do much of the fighting at night
+
+02:08:34.064 --> 02:08:40.013
+when they can see, and presumably the
+Iraqis cannot seen here in tests in Arizona.
+
+02:08:40.065 --> 02:08:45.001
+Lantern uses a combination of infrared
+and radar technology that turns night in
+
+02:08:45.001 --> 02:08:47.013
+today. The result is plain to see.
+
+02:08:47.059 --> 02:08:51.005
+And these are the young men
+and women who make new things,
+
+02:08:51.085 --> 02:08:54.049
+discover and explore and
+create new technology.
+
+02:08:54.086 --> 02:08:58.044
+The key to American economic
+growth and national security.
+
+02:08:58.072 --> 02:09:04.097
+They build things here, things to use,
+things that nearly think things that make
+
+02:09:04.097 --> 02:09:05.069
+life easier.
+
+02:09:06.007 --> 02:09:07.057
+Hey, where are we on this map?
+
+02:09:07.057 --> 02:09:11.005
+Huh? Huh? We are right dude.
+
+02:09:11.016 --> 02:09:12.069
+Right above Ku H City.
+
+02:09:13.018 --> 02:09:15.020
+We will take a highway down this highway.
+
+02:09:15.022 --> 02:09:16.009
+As a matter of fact,
+
+02:09:25.024 --> 02:09:26.006
+What was that?
+
+02:09:26.044 --> 02:09:32.006
+They build machines and systems than
+manage those systems to build more machines
+
+02:09:32.006 --> 02:09:33.014
+and more systems.
+
+02:09:34.093 --> 02:09:39.010
+What do you think? Innocent.
+
+02:09:39.052 --> 02:09:39.552
+And
+
+02:09:47.034 --> 02:09:47.090
+These
+
+02:09:47.090 --> 02:09:53.026
+Are practical men and women devoted to
+solving problems, some of their own making.
+
+02:09:56.066 --> 02:09:58.032
+And I think he alive.
+
+02:09:59.049 --> 02:10:04.065
+Bravo Battery has made it through
+the war with zero thumbs up.
+
+02:10:30.090 --> 02:10:35.057
+In 1985, Yale University, a small
+liberal arts college in New Haven,
+
+02:10:35.091 --> 02:10:41.061
+was looking to hire a new endowment
+manager, David Swenson.
+
+02:10:41.080 --> 02:10:44.049
+A 31 year old working on Wall
+Street was given the job,
+
+02:10:44.091 --> 02:10:48.050
+the investment strategy he would employ
+would change American universities forever.
+
+02:10:49.066 --> 02:10:53.030
+At the time, endowments were expected
+to have modest, dependable growth.
+
+02:10:53.091 --> 02:10:57.041
+The purpose of endowments was to ensure
+that universities could function even
+
+02:10:57.041 --> 02:11:01.070
+through difficult economic environments
+to make universities immortal.
+
+02:11:06.047 --> 02:11:07.082
+Swenson took a new approach.
+
+02:11:08.004 --> 02:11:10.066
+The financial markets were performing
+extraordinarily well,
+
+02:11:10.066 --> 02:11:12.086
+and Yale had an opportunity
+to weep the profits.
+
+02:11:13.066 --> 02:11:17.010
+Massive tax free profits.
+
+02:11:18.019 --> 02:11:22.002
+Swenson exposed Yale's investment portfolio
+to private equity and venture capital.
+
+02:11:22.041 --> 02:11:25.038
+Asset classes typically understood
+as higher risk investments.
+
+02:11:26.007 --> 02:11:29.090
+Swenson also forged partnerships with
+hedge funds and expanded Yale's investment
+
+02:11:29.090 --> 02:11:33.082
+arm. As the global economy surged,
+so did Yale's endowment.
+
+02:11:38.045 --> 02:11:40.078
+Yale may have been the first
+to benefit from the gold rush,
+
+02:11:40.095 --> 02:11:42.066
+but its rivals weren't far behind.
+
+02:11:42.085 --> 02:11:46.098
+Throughout the nineties, elite endowment
+managers chased after increasingly ABBA
+
+02:11:46.098 --> 02:11:48.014
+investment opportunities.
+
+02:11:48.049 --> 02:11:53.002
+They invested in everything from speculative
+internet startups to forest operations
+
+02:11:53.002 --> 02:12:00.070
+in Romania. The investors at the MIT
+Investment Management Company caught on
+
+02:12:00.070 --> 02:12:03.026
+quickly. The time for
+playing it safe was over.
+
+02:12:03.060 --> 02:12:06.058
+The endowment had to grow or
+the institute would fall behind.
+
+02:12:07.099 --> 02:12:12.010
+In the face of this new reality,
+MIT needed a new kind of president,
+
+02:12:12.056 --> 02:12:15.018
+one who could attract investors
+and make lucrative deals.
+
+02:12:20.070 --> 02:12:23.090
+President Charles Best was well
+suited to handle this transition.
+
+02:12:24.043 --> 02:12:28.090
+He earned a PhD in mechanical engineering
+from the University of Michigan in 1967,
+
+02:12:28.090 --> 02:12:32.054
+where he remained for 20 years working
+as a professor and eventually becoming
+
+02:12:32.054 --> 02:12:36.030
+provost. In 1990, Chuck was appointed.
+
+02:12:36.030 --> 02:12:48.054
+As MIT's 15th President MIT chose Vest,
+an outsider for his technical background
+
+02:12:48.054 --> 02:12:50.062
+and strong track record in
+university administration.
+
+02:12:56.085 --> 02:13:00.036
+He described his appointment to the
+presidency as a call to national service.
+
+02:13:02.054 --> 02:13:07.052
+For decades, the American Research Universities
+have served this nation exceedingly
+
+02:13:07.052 --> 02:13:13.004
+well. But today the American public
+is calling into question the value of our
+
+02:13:13.024 --> 02:13:18.048
+research. Universities and no longer
+tends to view science and technology as the
+
+02:13:18.048 --> 02:13:19.080
+foundation of progress.
+
+02:13:20.002 --> 02:13:22.091
+The public's attention is
+caught not only by the debate,
+
+02:13:22.091 --> 02:13:25.088
+over the costs and quality
+of undergraduate education,
+
+02:13:26.022 --> 02:13:29.036
+but by the debate over the
+cost and conduct of research.
+
+02:13:30.003 --> 02:13:34.032
+Vest had assumed the position when the
+public private research structure forged by
+
+02:13:34.032 --> 02:13:37.040
+President Compton and Vannevar
+Bush was crumbling.
+
+02:13:39.049 --> 02:13:43.064
+He committed his presidency to reviving
+successful collaborations between academia,
+
+02:13:44.032 --> 02:13:45.032
+industry, and government.
+
+02:13:45.041 --> 02:13:49.032
+Now these are the kinds of young
+men and young women in whom we,
+
+02:13:49.061 --> 02:13:55.036
+through the federal government, must
+invest if we are going to embrace excellence
+
+02:13:55.036 --> 02:13:56.080
+rather than mediocrity.
+
+02:13:58.100 --> 02:14:01.088
+President Vest would lead
+the institute for 14 years,
+
+02:14:02.004 --> 02:14:06.036
+reshaping the appearance of the campus,
+reforming student life and pioneering new
+
+02:14:06.036 --> 02:14:10.088
+initiatives. Nearly one fourth of MIT's
+current square footage was built under the
+
+02:14:10.088 --> 02:14:15.040
+best administration, and he directed
+MIT's evolution into a super institute.
+
+02:14:16.050 --> 02:14:19.036
+His office founded the Picker
+Institute for Learning and Memory,
+
+02:14:19.098 --> 02:14:24.068
+the McGovern Institute for Brain Research,
+the Broad Institute and the Institute
+
+02:14:24.068 --> 02:14:25.084
+for Soldier Nano Technologies.
+
+02:14:29.040 --> 02:14:30.020
+President
+
+02:14:30.020 --> 02:14:34.036
+Vest also made headlines when his administration
+released a study on the status of
+
+02:14:34.036 --> 02:14:38.068
+women faculty in science at mit, a report
+that acknowledged discrepancies in the
+
+02:14:38.068 --> 02:14:40.088
+treatment of senior faculty
+on the basis of gender.
+
+02:14:41.082 --> 02:14:45.088
+The report would spark a nationwide reckoning
+over gender equality in academia.
+
+02:14:46.045 --> 02:14:49.084
+At mit, the percentage of women
+faculty would increase steadily.
+
+02:14:49.084 --> 02:15:04.080
+For all the years following the report
+in Geneva, Switzerland, Tim Burners.
+
+02:15:04.080 --> 02:15:07.052
+Leary was working as an independent
+contractor at cern,
+
+02:15:07.074 --> 02:15:09.084
+the European Center for Nuclear Research.
+
+02:15:22.065 --> 02:15:28.012
+In 1989, he authored a white paper proposing
+something he called the Worldwide Web,
+
+02:15:28.055 --> 02:15:31.088
+a collection of protocols and algorithms
+built on top of the internet.
+
+02:15:35.010 --> 02:15:40.100
+His paper introduced websites, web service
+links and error correcting mechanisms,
+
+02:15:41.018 --> 02:15:44.072
+the innovations that enable the Internet's
+evolution into an earth shadowing
+
+02:15:44.072 --> 02:15:50.028
+system. The web's main innovation was
+hypertext, a deceptively simple idea with a
+
+02:15:50.028 --> 02:15:50.528
+strong history.
+
+02:15:52.075 --> 02:15:56.044
+Back in 1945, there was
+this guy, Niver Bush,
+
+02:15:56.086 --> 02:16:00.088
+and he was working for the US government
+and one of the ideas that he put forth
+
+02:16:00.088 --> 02:16:05.100
+was, Wow, humans are creating so much
+information and we can't keep track of all
+
+02:16:05.100 --> 02:16:09.024
+the books that we've read or the
+connections between important ideas.
+
+02:16:09.054 --> 02:16:11.060
+And he had this idea called the Memex.
+
+02:16:13.016 --> 02:16:16.040
+At the end of World War ii,
+American scientist and engineer,
+
+02:16:16.040 --> 02:16:19.056
+Vannevar Bush published
+his concept for the memex,
+
+02:16:20.059 --> 02:16:24.016
+A device to augment human
+memory and index information.
+
+02:16:24.077 --> 02:16:28.036
+He believed people could navigate
+information quickly if the process of
+
+02:16:28.036 --> 02:16:29.080
+cross-referencing was automated.
+
+02:16:30.026 --> 02:16:36.008
+The most essential feature Bush Road was
+the process of tying two items together at
+
+02:16:36.008 --> 02:16:37.040
+CER Labs in Switzerland.
+
+02:16:37.050 --> 02:16:40.011
+Tim Burner's, Leary finally
+brought the pieces together.
+
+02:16:40.018 --> 02:16:44.016
+His worldwide web became the first
+hyper text tool for the masses.
+
+02:16:44.025 --> 02:16:47.024
+Because of the way that hyperlinks
+were first constructed,
+
+02:16:47.024 --> 02:16:52.084
+they were intended to be not only used
+by many people, but created by many people.
+
+02:16:53.036 --> 02:16:57.024
+To me, it's one of the most
+democratic designs ever created
+
+02:17:02.049 --> 02:17:06.048
+In 1994 with over 10 million
+users now on the web,
+
+02:17:06.069 --> 02:17:10.084
+Tim Burn Leary came to MIT where he
+founded the Worldwide Web consortium.
+
+02:17:10.084 --> 02:17:20.064
+Swishing, his group would standardize
+the new suite of languages and protocols that
+
+02:17:20.064 --> 02:17:27.003
+the web necessitated through mit, the
+web matured and made the internet accessible
+
+02:17:27.003 --> 02:17:27.503
+to the average person.
+
+02:17:29.015 --> 02:17:32.056
+With such a powerful invention,
+a better world was inevitable.
+
+02:17:34.053 --> 02:17:39.032
+You don't think that some of the claims
+being made for it are hugely exaggerated?
+
+02:17:39.032 --> 02:17:39.092
+I mean, when the
+
+02:17:39.092 --> 02:17:42.027
+Telephone was, no. You see,
+I don't, I don't, I don't agree.
+
+02:17:42.027 --> 02:17:46.008
+I don't agree. I think the internet,
+I don't think we've even seen the tip of the
+
+02:17:46.008 --> 02:17:51.068
+iceberg. I think the potential of what
+the internet is going to do to society,
+
+02:17:51.068 --> 02:17:55.056
+both good and bad, is unimaginable.
+
+02:17:56.018 --> 02:18:01.011
+I think we're actually on the cusp
+of something exhilarating and terrifying.
+
+02:18:02.018 --> 02:18:03.052
+It's just a tool though,
+
+02:18:03.052 --> 02:18:04.072
+Isn't it? No, it's not.
+
+02:18:05.001 --> 02:18:06.084
+No, it's an alien life form.
+
+02:18:06.084 --> 02:18:10.016
+What do you think, I mean,
+when you think then about the
+
+02:18:10.016 --> 02:18:11.027
+It's their life on mine.
+
+02:18:11.027 --> 02:18:12.088
+Yes. It's just landed.
+
+02:18:12.088 --> 02:18:13.008
+Here
+
+02:18:19.069 --> 02:18:20.011
+Was
+
+02:18:20.011 --> 02:18:25.016
+A violent scene on the Esplanade tonight
+when a free punk rock concert and really
+
+02:18:25.016 --> 02:18:25.084
+got out of
+
+02:18:25.084 --> 02:18:30.076
+Control. An estimated 50,000 people crammed
+the Esplanade to hear the band Green
+
+02:18:30.082 --> 02:18:31.084
+Day performed.
+
+02:18:31.098 --> 02:18:36.032
+The band ran from the stage as a
+crowd surge fourth during the show.
+
+02:18:41.094 --> 02:18:45.068
+I didn't think I would have fun here
+and I was looking to have at least some fun.
+
+02:18:45.068 --> 02:18:47.072
+I mean, I wanted a good
+education of course, other
+
+02:18:47.072 --> 02:18:50.076
+Than I guess being a student,
+I'm, uh, also run track.
+
+02:18:51.043 --> 02:18:55.027
+I was involved with the human powered
+Hydrofoil team since it was started about
+
+02:18:55.027 --> 02:18:58.035
+three years ago. I think it's really
+easy to join things just in general.
+
+02:18:58.064 --> 02:19:01.068
+There was a party every night
+if you, if you wanna do that.
+
+02:19:05.022 --> 02:19:08.076
+Fraternities have been integrated
+life at MIT since the days before.
+
+02:19:08.076 --> 02:19:09.095
+It was known as mit.
+
+02:19:12.010 --> 02:19:15.044
+When Boston Tech was originally
+founded in 1861.
+
+02:19:15.060 --> 02:19:17.011
+There were no dormitories.
+
+02:19:17.097 --> 02:19:20.016
+In fact, in the history of the institute,
+
+02:19:20.016 --> 02:19:22.032
+there have never been enough
+dormitories to house.
+
+02:19:22.032 --> 02:19:27.072
+Every undergraduate fraternities
+have always been there to close the,
+
+02:19:28.075 --> 02:19:29.084
+Everything is
+
+02:19:29.084 --> 02:19:30.027
+Over
+
+02:19:31.042 --> 02:19:32.060
+And I'm feeling
+
+02:19:32.095 --> 02:19:34.019
+Since its foundation.
+
+02:19:34.019 --> 02:19:38.060
+In the 1880s, Greek life has exploded
+into a massive cultural force at mit.
+
+02:19:39.055 --> 02:19:43.016
+Fraternity membership encompassed one
+fifth of the student body in 19 hundreds,
+
+02:19:43.066 --> 02:19:48.011
+one third of the student body in 1915
+and to over half of all male students across
+
+02:19:48.011 --> 02:19:49.048
+more than 25 chapters.
+
+02:19:49.048 --> 02:19:59.084
+By the end of the 1990s with so many.
+
+02:20:00.000 --> 02:20:01.028
+Organizations at mit.
+
+02:20:01.028 --> 02:20:02.080
+Competition is inevitable.
+
+02:20:04.067 --> 02:20:08.064
+Over the years, fraternities have found
+a variety of ways to challenge each other,
+
+02:20:08.064 --> 02:20:11.080
+including everything from intramural
+sports to prank wars.
+
+02:20:12.046 --> 02:20:18.048
+But undoubtedly, the main competition
+between fraternities is rush a period of
+
+02:20:18.048 --> 02:20:20.092
+about a week when chapters
+recruit new members.
+
+02:20:22.063 --> 02:20:27.000
+Russia's fundamental to Greek life
+anywhere, but as is often the case,
+
+02:20:27.086 --> 02:20:29.076
+MIT students put their own spin on it.
+
+02:20:32.099 --> 02:20:34.048
+Talk about a management experience.
+
+02:20:34.048 --> 02:20:38.008
+I, um, so I applied to be rush share.
+
+02:20:38.010 --> 02:20:42.084
+You gotta figure out how
+to go find, you know,
+
+02:20:43.012 --> 02:20:47.036
+freshman on campus and like reel them
+into your fraternity and find the best ones
+
+02:20:47.036 --> 02:20:48.088
+and convince 'em to join.
+
+02:20:48.088 --> 02:20:51.084
+And it's intense cuz you're like,
+Oh my God, if I don't, you know,
+
+02:20:51.094 --> 02:20:55.068
+all these 25 other fraternities
+are like competing for the same kids.
+
+02:20:55.068 --> 02:20:59.008
+And like, if I don't do a good
+enough job, then, you know,
+
+02:20:59.008 --> 02:21:02.044
+we don't have a big enough pledge class
+and our dues go up and then it's even
+
+02:21:02.044 --> 02:21:05.020
+harder next year. And like, it's like
+this death spiral that it's all my fault,
+
+02:21:05.022 --> 02:21:07.024
+you know? And then you
+start to break it down,
+
+02:21:07.069 --> 02:21:12.032
+there's a thousand kids who enter the
+class, 600 of which are guys, and then,
+
+02:21:12.062 --> 02:21:15.032
+you know, a couple hundred
+join, uh, fraternity.
+
+02:21:15.050 --> 02:21:17.080
+And so you sort of, okay,
+that's a sales funnel.
+
+02:21:18.030 --> 02:21:19.084
+You figure that out
+and you're like, okay.
+
+02:21:19.084 --> 02:21:22.016
+You start looking at all the
+people you have and you're like,
+
+02:21:22.016 --> 02:21:23.032
+these people are really social.
+
+02:21:23.032 --> 02:21:27.008
+And so you can send 'em out in the van
+to go hang out with kids on campus and get
+
+02:21:27.020 --> 02:21:29.020
+'em back. And then these people,
+they're not that motivated,
+
+02:21:29.020 --> 02:21:32.016
+but if you give 'em snacks and drinks,
+they'll like hang out and tell good stories.
+
+02:21:32.051 --> 02:21:35.024
+This is like talent management, you know?
+
+02:21:35.024 --> 02:21:38.032
+And so all these things come back in
+a way that I was really not expecting.
+
+02:21:38.077 --> 02:21:41.008
+Um, and just the feeling of just
+like having to figure it out.
+
+02:21:41.020 --> 02:21:44.080
+But getting that practice in a, in
+kind of a safe place was really valuable.
+
+02:21:44.080 --> 02:21:48.004
+And, and the fraternity was for
+me, uh, a great way to do that.
+
+02:21:57.081 --> 02:22:02.012
+In the 1990s, fraternities at MIT
+were experiencing the golden era.
+
+02:22:04.036 --> 02:22:08.048
+Participation was high and the social
+scene throughout MIT was the epicenter for
+
+02:22:08.048 --> 02:22:09.096
+college students across the Boston area.
+
+02:22:13.089 --> 02:22:18.032
+At the time, freshmen were not required
+to live on campus and they often moved into
+
+02:22:18.032 --> 02:22:23.016
+fraternity houses. Shortly after pledging
+this tradition created the fundamental
+
+02:22:23.016 --> 02:22:24.064
+divide between MIT men.
+
+02:22:25.015 --> 02:22:31.016
+They were dorm boys and they
+were threat boys, dorm traditions,
+
+02:22:33.050 --> 02:22:34.060
+and Greek traditions.
+
+02:22:36.050 --> 02:22:38.072
+And the two social spheres
+had little overlap.
+
+02:22:40.087 --> 02:22:41.072
+Regardless
+
+02:22:41.072 --> 02:22:45.012
+Of residential status, alcohol plays
+a significant role in student life.
+
+02:22:45.012 --> 02:22:52.008
+In the nineties, many fraternities
+had strong cultures of drinking,
+
+02:22:52.014 --> 02:22:53.040
+but so did dormitories.
+
+02:22:54.004 --> 02:22:57.096
+Baker House spent 17% of its
+student life budget on alcohol,
+
+02:22:58.010 --> 02:23:00.080
+and all the dorms commonly
+hosted unregulated
+
+02:23:00.080 --> 02:23:01.004
+Parties.
+
+02:23:21.045 --> 02:23:25.072
+At the peak of its intoxication,
+MIT experienced a horrible accident.
+
+02:23:27.013 --> 02:23:31.060
+In the spring of 1997, a student fell
+through this ceiling at Lambda Kay Alpha
+
+02:23:31.060 --> 02:23:32.084
+falling four stories.
+
+02:23:33.073 --> 02:23:37.096
+He survived the fall, but there was substantial
+injury to both the student and to
+
+02:23:38.004 --> 02:23:49.024
+the sentiment towards Greek life, the
+heavy drinking culture of the student body
+
+02:23:49.024 --> 02:23:52.088
+came under scrutiny, but for the
+most part, life continued as normal
+
+02:23:54.057 --> 02:23:55.024
+Classes
+
+02:23:55.024 --> 02:23:57.044
+Were hard, parties were harder.
+
+02:24:06.027 --> 02:24:10.028
+Eventually, students dispersed for the
+summer and took a much needed break from
+
+02:24:39.025 --> 02:24:45.000
+In the history of mit, there is perhaps
+no event more tragic and consequential than
+
+02:24:45.000 --> 02:24:52.028
+the death of Scott Kruger when Rush concluded
+at the beginning of the 1998 academic
+
+02:24:52.028 --> 02:24:57.084
+year fire game of Delta, known on
+campus as Fiji had recruited 12 pledges.
+
+02:24:59.063 --> 02:25:02.049
+The pledgers moved into their
+new home shortly thereafter.
+
+02:25:02.055 --> 02:25:07.045
+And on Friday, September 26th, the pledgers
+attended Fiji's Big Brother Ceremony.
+
+02:25:08.002 --> 02:25:12.073
+In the tradition of the ceremony, each
+pledge received a dedicated big brother in
+
+02:25:12.073 --> 02:25:15.017
+upperclassmen who could guide
+him through life in the fraternity,
+
+02:25:15.017 --> 02:25:17.049
+through MIT and beyond.
+
+02:25:21.074 --> 02:25:25.061
+In preparation for the ceremony, pledges
+were instructed to drink beer and whiskey
+
+02:25:25.070 --> 02:25:27.077
+as they all watched
+the film, Animal House
+
+02:25:37.078 --> 02:25:38.089
+La Italian bags
+
+02:25:38.093 --> 02:25:43.017
+Plans. After finishing the movie,
+the pledges were introduced to their big
+
+02:25:43.017 --> 02:25:45.053
+brothers, and welcome to Step
+Closer into the Brotherhood.
+
+02:25:46.015 --> 02:25:55.017
+Celebrations followed Scott's big, embraced
+him and handed him a handle of Bacardi
+
+02:25:55.017 --> 02:25:55.517
+spice To him.
+
+02:25:57.083 --> 02:25:58.081
+Celebrations
+
+02:25:58.081 --> 02:25:59.081
+Went on for hours.
+
+02:26:00.085 --> 02:26:05.001
+Scott complained of nausea, so the brothers
+laid him on a couch to rest and left
+
+02:26:05.001 --> 02:26:20.005
+him alone for 10 minutes, they returned
+to find Scott covered in vomit.
+
+02:26:21.018 --> 02:26:22.017
+He wasn't breathing.
+
+02:26:25.087 --> 02:26:28.085
+The paramedics rushed him to the
+Beth Israel Deacon, his hospital.
+
+02:26:46.056 --> 02:26:48.006
+The consequences were swift.
+
+02:26:50.034 --> 02:26:54.002
+MIT's Fiji chapter was immediately
+suspended by the national organization.
+
+02:26:55.008 --> 02:26:58.045
+All dorms and living groups agreed
+to cancel any alcoholic events.
+
+02:26:58.072 --> 02:27:01.034
+And President Vest promised total reform.
+
+02:27:03.047 --> 02:27:07.083
+President Vest pledged to rebalance the
+arrangement between fraternities and mit.
+
+02:27:09.005 --> 02:27:13.070
+The relationship had always been one
+of symbiosis of mutual benefit and respect.
+
+02:27:14.086 --> 02:27:19.039
+Students enjoyed more robust social lives,
+and MIT had a solution to its housing
+
+02:27:19.039 --> 02:27:23.007
+problem. But the administration
+had lost its patients.
+
+02:27:24.067 --> 02:27:27.087
+President Vest promised to build
+more undergraduate dormitories,
+
+02:27:27.095 --> 02:27:30.051
+providing more options for
+students to live on campus.
+
+02:27:31.025 --> 02:27:34.099
+Responsible graduate students were
+also hired to live in and supervise every
+
+02:27:34.099 --> 02:27:36.051
+fraternity and independent living group.
+
+02:27:36.051 --> 02:27:45.083
+From that point forward three years
+later, after extensive arbitration,
+
+02:27:46.007 --> 02:27:49.035
+president Charles Best personally
+apologized to Scott's parents.
+
+02:27:50.036 --> 02:27:53.063
+In his eyes, he and MIT failed Scott.
+
+02:27:54.082 --> 02:27:57.093
+It was MIT's responsibility
+to keep him safe.
+
+02:28:05.001 --> 02:28:07.091
+Universities across the country
+saw the writing on the wall.
+
+02:28:08.070 --> 02:28:11.087
+A national reporter for ABC
+News described the new paradigm
+
+02:28:13.019 --> 02:28:17.043
+After the student movement of the 1960s,
+students asserted many of their adult
+
+02:28:17.043 --> 02:28:19.083
+rights by marching on campuses
+and going to war.
+
+02:28:20.042 --> 02:28:24.011
+This translated into an attitude that
+schools had no legal responsibilities.
+
+02:28:27.009 --> 02:28:35.027
+Now schools are assuming liability in
+administrative remarked parents have much
+
+02:28:35.027 --> 02:28:37.078
+greater expectations of what
+the college's role should be.
+
+02:28:38.086 --> 02:28:40.035
+What you see is a shift.
+
+02:28:40.076 --> 02:28:43.047
+Schools now function a
+lot like businesses do.
+
+02:28:44.022 --> 02:28:46.099
+They sponsor activities
+and the courts see that.
+
+02:29:02.056 --> 02:29:04.039
+Uh, today we've had a national tragedy.
+
+02:29:06.003 --> 02:29:13.019
+Uh, two airplanes have crashed into the
+World Trade Center in an apparent terrorist
+
+02:29:13.019 --> 02:29:14.011
+attack on our country.
+
+02:29:16.030 --> 02:29:20.023
+I have spoken to the vice president,
+to the Governor of New York,
+
+02:29:21.008 --> 02:29:26.019
+to the director of the fbi, and I've ordered
+that the full resources of the federal
+
+02:29:26.019 --> 02:29:31.083
+government go to help the victims
+and their families and the,
+
+02:29:31.083 --> 02:29:39.099
+and to conduct a full scale investigation
+to hunt down and to find those folks who
+
+02:29:40.007 --> 02:29:40.507
+committed this act.
+
+02:29:48.010 --> 02:29:52.015
+Once news of the attack on the World
+Trade Center reached the Student Body campus
+
+02:29:52.017 --> 02:29:58.003
+was quiet, students packed into the
+Athena clusters, looking for information.
+
+02:29:58.049 --> 02:30:03.011
+But CNN's News website had crashed
+from the massive volume of traffic in the
+
+02:30:03.011 --> 02:30:07.051
+uncertainty. The administration decided
+to proceed with normal operations and
+
+02:30:07.051 --> 02:30:09.091
+students continued going to class
+for the remainder of the day.
+
+02:30:11.028 --> 02:30:15.023
+On the evening of September 11th, President
+Vest announced that the following day
+
+02:30:15.023 --> 02:30:19.019
+would be a half day with classes ending
+early so that students could attend a vigil
+
+02:30:19.019 --> 02:30:26.003
+on Kresge lawn. Student responses to
+the September 11th attacks were varied.
+
+02:30:27.002 --> 02:30:30.055
+Some students condemned the attacks
+as senseless violence and of those who
+
+02:30:30.055 --> 02:30:33.047
+condemned some called for
+peace and others for war.
+
+02:30:36.015 --> 02:30:40.075
+Other students will personal pieces
+expressing their struggles with hope and
+
+02:30:40.075 --> 02:30:42.055
+purpose in the light
+of their own mortality.
+
+02:30:46.002 --> 02:30:50.059
+Some criticized America's response
+to the tragedy while others praised MIT's
+
+02:30:50.059 --> 02:30:51.095
+community vigil and blood drive.
+
+02:30:54.086 --> 02:30:59.091
+Others still were critical of the institute
+complaining that MIT did not slow down
+
+02:30:59.091 --> 02:31:02.007
+enough for the community
+to process what had happened.
+
+02:31:04.035 --> 02:31:08.091
+These editorial lists provided about
+at least one thing in the world.
+
+02:31:08.091 --> 02:31:12.026
+After nine 11, the institute
+did not slow down,
+
+02:31:27.052 --> 02:31:30.094
+And because it's all changed
+now, I can get by with saying it,
+
+02:31:30.094 --> 02:31:34.098
+but the first time I visited
+here and drove down Vassar Street,
+
+02:31:35.004 --> 02:31:39.090
+the backside of the campus,
+I was actually appalled.
+
+02:31:39.090 --> 02:31:47.022
+I could not believe that this
+was the famous mit we had, um, uh,
+
+02:31:47.022 --> 02:31:51.058
+still buildings that had been
+built during World War ii, uh,
+
+02:31:51.058 --> 02:31:55.042
+that were made out of asbestos
+shingles and chainlink fences,
+
+02:31:55.042 --> 02:31:56.062
+and just looked miserable.
+
+02:31:57.078 --> 02:32:00.086
+Front door of the campus
+is of course, the wonderful,
+
+02:32:00.086 --> 02:32:07.034
+iconic view of killing court and the
+great dome and the columns and so forth.
+
+02:32:07.065 --> 02:32:09.002
+Absolutely beautiful.
+
+02:32:10.003 --> 02:32:13.090
+So there was a little something
+in me that said, you know,
+
+02:32:13.090 --> 02:32:16.014
+wouldn't it be nice to
+change this a little bit?
+
+02:32:16.014 --> 02:32:22.078
+And then that began to be built upon
+by the things that needed to change a bit in
+
+02:32:22.078 --> 02:32:25.022
+the student and and
+community, uh, culture.
+
+02:32:30.079 --> 02:32:34.066
+At the dawn of the new millennium, Charles
+Vest had already been president for 10
+
+02:32:34.066 --> 02:32:39.086
+years, molding the institute into the
+modern mit The endowment was surging,
+
+02:32:39.086 --> 02:32:43.022
+which meant more buildings, more
+institutes, and more prestige.
+
+02:32:56.046 --> 02:32:59.047
+President Vest remembered
+the promises he had made.
+
+02:33:01.028 --> 02:33:07.007
+In 2002, construction of Simmons Hall
+was completed creating space for 300 more
+
+02:33:07.007 --> 02:33:08.011
+undergraduate students.
+
+02:33:10.041 --> 02:33:14.007
+The birth of Simmons finally made
+possible a Landmark Institute policy.
+
+02:33:14.078 --> 02:33:19.019
+From that point forward, all MIT freshmen
+would be required to live on campus.
+
+02:33:21.064 --> 02:33:25.043
+As students moved into Simmons,
+and Rush was severely regulated,
+
+02:33:26.035 --> 02:33:31.055
+President Vest was seizing his opportunity
+to correct the excesses of student life
+
+02:33:31.055 --> 02:33:32.019
+at mit.
+
+02:33:32.036 --> 02:33:36.091
+So this set us up for some,
+um, some real tensions and,
+
+02:33:36.091 --> 02:33:44.031
+and many of us felt that we were not
+kind of engaging the students in a broader
+
+02:33:44.067 --> 02:33:50.055
+academic community as undergraduates,
+that their loyalty was to small housing
+
+02:33:50.055 --> 02:33:54.011
+groups that might be an
+independent living group,
+
+02:33:54.011 --> 02:33:58.067
+might be a floor in the dormitory, literally
+might be a fraternity or a sorority.
+
+02:33:59.057 --> 02:34:03.007
+But because of the pressure, they
+sought out these small groups.
+
+02:34:03.017 --> 02:34:07.051
+And historically they had gotten
+very great support out of that,
+
+02:34:08.013 --> 02:34:12.051
+But still there was just some
+underlying things and some, uh,
+
+02:34:12.051 --> 02:34:17.007
+sort of social trends that had started
+back in the seventies that had never quite
+
+02:34:17.019 --> 02:34:18.007
+been given up.
+
+02:34:18.076 --> 02:34:20.095
+So there was a lot of
+that that had to be done,
+
+02:34:21.001 --> 02:34:25.043
+and a bit of what I just called
+sanding down around the edges.
+
+02:34:25.043 --> 02:34:30.011
+You know, you want this to be
+an intense, rigorous education.
+
+02:34:30.011 --> 02:34:34.039
+That's what we do at mit, but you
+don't want to become a parody itself.
+
+02:34:34.092 --> 02:34:41.059
+So we did feel that we had to do some
+things to kind of brighten and lighten up the
+
+02:34:41.059 --> 02:34:43.035
+environment, uh, a little bit.
+
+02:34:46.073 --> 02:34:47.015
+See,
+
+02:34:47.053 --> 02:34:49.043
+MIT has a very unique housing system.
+
+02:34:49.078 --> 02:34:54.015
+Unlike other schools which randomly
+assign you to a freshman dorm at mit,
+
+02:34:54.015 --> 02:34:55.023
+you have a choice in where you live.
+
+02:34:55.060 --> 02:34:59.087
+We have 11 dormitories and five cultural
+houses, all with their own personality,
+
+02:34:59.087 --> 02:35:01.015
+traditions and quirks.
+
+02:35:01.035 --> 02:35:04.051
+Above all, we want you to live in
+a place where you feel comfortable.
+
+02:35:04.095 --> 02:35:06.059
+Three, two,
+
+02:35:38.029 --> 02:35:39.007
+But never.
+
+02:36:45.059 --> 02:36:49.033
+The pilot doesn't have to take care of
+stabilization of the system that that's done
+
+02:36:49.033 --> 02:36:50.057
+by automatic control system.
+
+02:36:50.084 --> 02:36:56.009
+What we have contributed, uh, is
+autonomous aggressive maneuvering.
+
+02:37:13.067 --> 02:37:18.001
+The expanded research structure driven
+by the vest administration was thriving and
+
+02:37:18.005 --> 02:37:21.077
+MIT's prestige continued to grow as
+college admissions nationally became more
+
+02:37:21.077 --> 02:37:26.005
+competitive. President Vest fundraising
+campaign was reaching new heights,
+
+02:37:26.005 --> 02:37:30.025
+raising money from aex of high net worth
+individuals who had recently begun playing
+
+02:37:30.025 --> 02:37:32.005
+a larger role in MIT's financing.
+
+02:37:53.006 --> 02:37:57.085
+By the early two thousands, MIT was well
+endowed with three core funding pipelines
+
+02:37:58.036 --> 02:38:02.029
+from the federal government, private
+industry, and wealthy individuals.
+
+02:38:02.083 --> 02:38:06.049
+And as the government's financing
+continue to wane the latitude,
+
+02:38:06.049 --> 02:38:07.073
+we're happy to fill in the gaps.
+
+02:38:11.059 --> 02:38:12.001
+One
+
+02:38:12.001 --> 02:38:15.089
+Of the great monuments of the modern
+MIT is the Ray and Maria data Center,
+
+02:38:16.073 --> 02:38:20.009
+designed by a now architect, Frank
+Gary, and built on top of building 20
+
+02:38:23.068 --> 02:38:28.005
+this data center housed the computer science
+and artificial intelligence lab or sea
+
+02:38:28.005 --> 02:38:32.089
+sale, a merger between the laboratory
+for computer science and Marvin Minsky's AI
+
+02:38:32.089 --> 02:38:33.005
+Lab.
+
+02:38:34.073 --> 02:38:37.013
+Frank wanted to try some new materials.
+
+02:38:37.013 --> 02:38:39.057
+He was enthralled over the
+idea of building in Boston.
+
+02:38:40.019 --> 02:38:42.021
+You know, this building's largely brick.
+
+02:38:42.090 --> 02:38:48.017
+So he was quite invested in this building,
+spent a lot of time understanding how
+
+02:38:48.017 --> 02:38:51.001
+the students and the faculty
+live and work and what we need.
+
+02:38:51.010 --> 02:38:55.027
+He conceived this student's street idea
+that would, would bring people together.
+
+02:38:56.009 --> 02:39:01.027
+But what the world was seeing in
+the early days was the sort of, uh,
+
+02:39:01.027 --> 02:39:04.051
+helicopter view of photographs
+and models and things.
+
+02:39:04.051 --> 02:39:07.007
+Believe me, a lot of people
+didn't like what they saw.
+
+02:39:09.094 --> 02:39:13.099
+Well, it's, it's, it's a
+very interesting building.
+
+02:39:14.014 --> 02:39:15.071
+You're in the state building.
+
+02:39:15.071 --> 02:39:17.075
+Yeah, it's right on top. Building 20.
+
+02:39:17.075 --> 02:39:18.071
+Used to be, but right.
+
+02:39:19.062 --> 02:39:21.023
+It's not really a place to work.
+
+02:39:21.078 --> 02:39:23.015
+I do my work at home, though
+
+02:39:24.065 --> 02:39:29.027
+The 300 million research facility was
+funded by a number of wealthy MIT alumni.
+
+02:39:30.072 --> 02:39:35.083
+Besides waste data donors included
+Moist Chang and Alexander Dryfus.
+
+02:39:39.078 --> 02:39:43.027
+Bill Gates also donated,
+although he went to Harvard.
+
+02:39:48.041 --> 02:39:52.012
+At the height of this expansion, President
+Vest announced one of the most
+
+02:39:52.012 --> 02:39:53.076
+revolutionary projects of his career.
+
+02:39:56.046 --> 02:39:59.016
+MIT Open Courseware, unlocking knowledge.
+
+02:40:07.001 --> 02:40:13.028
+In 2003, MIT launched Open Courseware
+or O C W. The initiative released most of the
+
+02:40:13.028 --> 02:40:16.000
+institute's educational content
+onto the internet for free.
+
+02:40:16.037 --> 02:40:20.056
+It was a groundbreaking step in the movement
+for open access to education and the
+
+02:40:20.056 --> 02:40:22.016
+use of digital platforms for learning.
+
+02:40:23.019 --> 02:40:26.080
+Many professors and administrators thought
+it would defeat the purpose of attending
+
+02:40:26.090 --> 02:40:29.068
+MIT in person, but vests
+saw it differently.
+
+02:40:37.008 --> 02:40:42.000
+Meanwhile, MediaLab founder, Nicholas
+Ponte, was also attempting to use the
+
+02:40:42.020 --> 02:40:43.052
+internet to make the
+world a better place.
+
+02:40:46.006 --> 02:40:48.012
+One laptop per child, <laugh>.
+
+02:40:48.012 --> 02:40:49.084
+That's our name and our vision.
+
+02:40:50.069 --> 02:40:54.044
+We want to create educational opportunities
+for the world's poorest children by
+
+02:40:54.044 --> 02:40:58.036
+providing each and everyone with a rugged
+lowcost, low power connected laptop.
+
+02:40:58.069 --> 02:41:01.028
+No matter what language they
+speak or where they live,
+
+02:41:01.028 --> 02:41:05.048
+the exo connects them to each other,
+to the world, and to a brighter future.
+
+02:41:05.094 --> 02:41:11.056
+Why would a kid in the developing world
+need a laptop of all things when they might
+
+02:41:11.056 --> 02:41:15.096
+not have food? They probably, some
+cases don't live beyond the age of five.
+
+02:41:15.096 --> 02:41:21.060
+They don't have drinking water, uh, and
+the parents earn a dollar a day or less.
+
+02:41:22.059 --> 02:41:24.032
+Good grief. Why should
+they have a laptop?
+
+02:41:26.095 --> 02:41:31.096
+Take the word laptop and substitute
+the word education, and nobody would say
+
+02:41:31.096 --> 02:41:37.000
+That. Bringing education to children all
+over the world with one laptop per child.
+
+02:41:46.053 --> 02:41:52.024
+My fellow citizens at this hour, American
+and coalition forces are in the early
+
+02:41:52.024 --> 02:41:58.016
+stages of military operations to disarm
+Iraq, to free its people and to defend the
+
+02:41:58.016 --> 02:41:59.024
+world from grave danger.
+
+02:42:00.021 --> 02:42:03.060
+On my orders, coalition
+forces have began striking,
+
+02:42:03.060 --> 02:42:08.080
+selected targets of military importance
+to undermine Saddam Hussain's ability to
+
+02:42:08.080 --> 02:42:09.032
+wage war.
+
+02:43:31.067 --> 02:43:37.070
+In 2004, after 14 years of service, Chuck
+Fest stepped down from the presidency.
+
+02:43:40.012 --> 02:43:44.002
+The task of appointing his successor
+was a difficult one, and ultimately,
+
+02:43:44.024 --> 02:43:48.062
+the MIT Corporation selected another outsider
+to continue the proliferation of the
+
+02:43:48.062 --> 02:43:49.006
+institute
+
+02:43:54.012 --> 02:44:00.062
+Put quite simply, I want MIT to be the
+dream of every child who wants to make the
+
+02:44:00.062 --> 02:44:01.038
+world a better place.
+
+02:44:04.074 --> 02:44:08.022
+Susan Hockfield did an undergraduate
+study at the University of Rochester,
+
+02:44:08.022 --> 02:44:09.066
+earning a degree in biology.
+
+02:44:09.075 --> 02:44:14.054
+In 1973, she continued to research career
+at the Georgetown University's School of
+
+02:44:14.070 --> 02:44:18.062
+Medicine and became an NIH Postdoctoral
+Fellow at the University of California,
+
+02:44:18.086 --> 02:44:22.070
+San Francisco. She worked as a research
+scientist at the Cold Spring Harbor
+
+02:44:22.070 --> 02:44:28.042
+Laboratory for five years, and in 1985,
+she joined the faculty at Yale serving as a
+
+02:44:28.042 --> 02:44:30.094
+professor until her appointment
+as provost in 2003.
+
+02:44:34.091 --> 02:44:38.074
+In 2004, she was appointed
+the 16th president of mit.
+
+02:44:50.073 --> 02:44:56.050
+I owe a second, and most profound thanks
+to all the MIT presidents who have come
+
+02:44:56.050 --> 02:44:56.550
+before.
+
+02:44:57.028 --> 02:45:00.012
+Especially those who
+are here with us today.
+
+02:45:00.031 --> 02:45:04.052
+Howard Johnson, Paul
+Gray, and Chuck Vest.
+
+02:45:05.002 --> 02:45:09.012
+And I am immensely grateful to these three
+great leaders for sharing with me their
+
+02:45:09.012 --> 02:45:12.028
+institutional insight and
+their abiding love for MIT
+
+02:45:15.004 --> 02:45:18.084
+President Hockfield built on the momentum
+set by the Vest administration without
+
+02:45:18.084 --> 02:45:23.032
+missing a beat, applying her unique
+perspective as MIT's first president.
+
+02:45:23.032 --> 02:45:27.032
+With the background in the Life Sciences
+Hawk Field expanded MIT's footprint in
+
+02:45:27.032 --> 02:45:32.016
+biology in 2006, course 20 was
+redesignated as bioengineering.
+
+02:45:32.034 --> 02:45:36.088
+And in 2011, President Hockfield launched
+the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer
+
+02:45:37.032 --> 02:45:41.080
+Research. A basic cancer research center
+comprising over 50 laboratories and 1000
+
+02:45:42.004 --> 02:45:42.504
+researchers.
+
+02:45:51.073 --> 02:45:56.079
+All of you are, Hes to a legacy
+of innovation, not just here,
+
+02:45:56.079 --> 02:46:01.055
+but across America that has improved
+our health and our wellbeing and helped us
+
+02:46:01.055 --> 02:46:03.055
+achieve on parallel prosperity.
+
+02:46:04.009 --> 02:46:10.027
+You just get excited being here and seeing
+these extraordinary young people, uh,
+
+02:46:10.053 --> 02:46:15.075
+and the extraordinary leadership
+of Professor Hockfield, uh, because,
+
+02:46:15.075 --> 02:46:18.095
+because it taps into something
+essential about America.
+
+02:46:23.032 --> 02:46:26.051
+In 2011, the final year
+of her presidency,
+
+02:46:26.059 --> 02:46:30.011
+President Hockfield celebrated some
+of the ultimate successes of her tenure.
+
+02:46:31.021 --> 02:46:34.063
+The opening of the Fairy Boys Massey
+Hall marked the central achievement of
+
+02:46:34.063 --> 02:46:36.007
+Hockfield campaign for students.
+
+02:46:36.049 --> 02:46:40.015
+The new dormitory was actually a renovation
+of one of the oldest buildings in
+
+02:46:40.015 --> 02:46:44.051
+Cambridge, a building older than campus
+itself, which had been serving as a
+
+02:46:44.067 --> 02:46:47.039
+graduate student, residents
+known as Ashtown until 2008.
+
+02:46:49.002 --> 02:46:53.007
+Like Simmons Hall Massey would
+be designated as a tier one dorm,
+
+02:46:53.042 --> 02:46:56.059
+boasting some of the most sanitized
+living conditions on campus.
+
+02:46:57.057 --> 02:47:02.023
+The renovation of Massey created
+space for over 450 more undergraduates.
+
+02:47:02.085 --> 02:47:07.011
+2011 also marked 150 years
+since the institute's founded.
+
+02:47:07.053 --> 02:47:11.051
+And just like any proud parent, President
+Hawk Field celebrated by throwing a
+
+02:47:11.051 --> 02:47:12.039
+massive birthday party.
+
+02:47:14.001 --> 02:47:14.099
+Celebrations
+
+02:47:14.099 --> 02:47:19.043
+Included a convocation with 8,000
+attendees and an outdoor art festival
+
+02:47:19.043 --> 02:47:20.043
+illuminating the campus.
+
+02:47:24.044 --> 02:47:29.099
+It was also an MIT open house, a free
+public science fair with 20,000 visitors
+
+02:47:29.099 --> 02:47:32.015
+exploring innovation and
+research across campus.
+
+02:47:55.024 --> 02:48:00.000
+As part of the centennial activities,
+MIT also conducted a massive oral history
+
+02:48:00.000 --> 02:48:03.096
+project, recording interviews with dozens
+of longtime members of the MIT community
+
+02:48:03.096 --> 02:48:05.088
+and publishing them on
+the internet for free.
+
+02:48:07.008 --> 02:48:11.084
+Professor Chomsky, thank you for talking
+with us for this series of interviews
+
+02:48:11.084 --> 02:48:15.012
+being recorded for MIT's CSWE Centennial.
+
+02:48:16.035 --> 02:48:23.016
+You've been at MIT since 1955 for virtually
+your whole career and for more than a
+
+02:48:23.016 --> 02:48:24.064
+third of MIT's existence.
+
+02:48:26.033 --> 02:48:31.048
+Is it still as hospitable a
+place for you as it was then?
+
+02:48:32.079 --> 02:48:34.092
+Well, that's, it's, it's grown a lot.
+
+02:48:35.001 --> 02:48:38.048
+So in, in the mid fifties, you
+kind of knew everybody, you know,
+
+02:48:38.048 --> 02:48:43.020
+so you had a question, you wanted
+to talk to the provost, you know,
+
+02:48:43.020 --> 02:48:44.080
+he's a personal friend and so on.
+
+02:48:44.080 --> 02:48:49.020
+But, uh, now it's, uh,
+far for each individual.
+
+02:48:49.023 --> 02:48:53.044
+It's kind of more impersonal because
+it's so much larger and more complex.
+
+02:48:53.044 --> 02:48:59.000
+But it remains, uh, it, in my experience,
+pretty much same kind of place,
+
+02:49:00.089 --> 02:49:03.064
+Uh, as one man I can see.
+
+02:49:03.075 --> 02:49:05.056
+I wonder whatever happened to him.
+
+02:49:06.061 --> 02:49:08.012
+He was a very angry man.
+
+02:49:09.097 --> 02:49:10.032
+Uh,
+
+02:49:12.053 --> 02:49:16.088
+Despite only serving for eight years,
+President Uckfield made a remarkable
+
+02:49:16.088 --> 02:49:19.028
+impression on the institute,
+and under her leadership,
+
+02:49:19.070 --> 02:49:23.008
+MIT matured into the globally connected
+temple of research that it is today.
+
+02:49:24.081 --> 02:49:29.072
+In 14 years, Chuck Vest
+raised 3.5 billion in gifts.
+
+02:49:30.024 --> 02:49:33.060
+Susan Hockfield raised the
+same amount in half the time,
+
+02:49:34.022 --> 02:49:55.060
+and a 10 saw the endowment expand
+by 73% by the early 2010s,
+
+02:49:55.082 --> 02:49:58.004
+the terraforming of Cambridge
+was in full force.
+
+02:50:00.096 --> 02:50:06.039
+In 2011, MIT received approval for a
+700 million overhaul of its properties in
+
+02:50:06.039 --> 02:50:10.023
+Kendall Square. The eastern side of campus
+known mostly for its parking lots and
+
+02:50:10.023 --> 02:50:20.099
+dilapidated factors. MIT's original plan
+for expansion into Cambridge included only
+
+02:50:20.099 --> 02:50:22.027
+120 housing units.
+
+02:50:22.097 --> 02:50:25.099
+But in an echo of previous
+conflicts with the community,
+
+02:50:26.019 --> 02:50:33.015
+local residents complained in response
+to the demand for more housing in the area.
+
+02:50:33.041 --> 02:50:36.071
+The Hawk Field administration promised
+that construction would include more luxury
+
+02:50:36.071 --> 02:50:39.079
+apartments and that MIT would
+cultivate new life in the area.
+
+02:50:41.025 --> 02:50:45.059
+The overhaul was extremely successful,
+and Kendall Square rapidly became a hub for
+
+02:50:45.059 --> 02:50:49.011
+big tech firms, biotech startups,
+and pharmaceutical giants.
+
+02:51:17.010 --> 02:51:19.050
+MIT's campus was also experiencing
+a turning point.
+
+02:51:20.027 --> 02:51:25.074
+In 2013, the iconic Bexley Hall sitting
+directly across from the entrance of MIT
+
+02:51:25.096 --> 02:51:31.046
+had a problem. Its poorly maintained.
+
+02:51:31.058 --> 02:51:34.098
+Structure was becoming untenable, and
+the administration was losing its patients.
+
+02:51:35.087 --> 02:51:41.070
+On May 7th, 2013 with final exams approaching,
+MIT announced a three year closure
+
+02:51:41.070 --> 02:51:43.018
+of Bexley Hall for Innovations.
+
+02:51:49.028 --> 02:51:52.094
+The plan was to repair interior water
+damage and other signs of age that render did
+
+02:51:53.005 --> 02:51:53.098
+unsafe to live.
+
+02:51:53.098 --> 02:51:59.098
+In Besley's 116 residents had two weeks
+to prepare for their three year eviction
+
+02:52:00.004 --> 02:52:02.054
+and figure out how to preserve
+this century old culture.
+
+02:52:04.032 --> 02:52:07.078
+But five months later, after initial
+inspection of the building,
+
+02:52:08.034 --> 02:52:11.078
+MIT's department of facilities recommended
+the total demolition of Bexley.
+
+02:52:12.035 --> 02:52:16.010
+In the administration's view, it was
+too expensive to properly repair the dorm,
+
+02:52:16.024 --> 02:52:18.050
+and demolition would alleviate
+many other headaches.
+
+02:52:27.093 --> 02:52:31.098
+Some report that during the demolition,
+firefighters had to blast plumes of
+
+02:52:31.098 --> 02:52:34.034
+besley's dust and debris
+away from the student center,
+
+02:52:34.055 --> 02:52:37.062
+as it likely contained asbestos
+and countless other carcinogens.
+
+02:52:56.093 --> 02:53:38.019
+I can't believe he.
+
+02:55:21.008 --> 02:55:25.087
+In October, 2015, Bexley Park was established
+in the place of the legendary dorm
+
+02:55:27.006 --> 02:55:31.043
+what was once an incubator for America's
+counterculture and a hotbed for FBI.
+
+02:55:31.043 --> 02:55:34.067
+Investigations is now an additional
+patch of green space.
+
+02:55:38.009 --> 02:55:42.027
+But when it came to major changes,
+students had no reason to think that the
+
+02:55:42.027 --> 02:55:43.023
+administration would stop.
+
+02:55:43.023 --> 02:55:47.039
+At Bexley, MIT introduced new
+regulations on student life,
+
+02:55:47.042 --> 02:55:51.047
+like heightened security at dormitory
+entrances, mandatory approval of all parties
+
+02:55:51.065 --> 02:55:53.063
+and more patrols from the MIT police.
+
+02:56:07.044 --> 02:56:12.031
+In 2014, course 11, Professor Cynthia
+Barnhart was appointed as chancellor,
+
+02:56:13.017 --> 02:56:15.083
+the primary authority
+of a student life at mit.
+
+02:56:16.061 --> 02:56:20.007
+She often said that her priority
+was the safety of all students.
+
+02:56:23.054 --> 02:56:27.071
+A few months into her administration,
+she visited East Campus for a dinner with 60
+
+02:56:27.071 --> 02:56:30.055
+of its residents. In anticipation
+of this meeting,
+
+02:56:31.039 --> 02:56:33.067
+residents and alumni of
+Senior House, Random Hall,
+
+02:56:33.074 --> 02:56:37.055
+Bexley and East Campus came together
+to create, this is East side,
+
+02:56:37.090 --> 02:56:41.075
+a collection of personal essays, treatises
+and vignettes that offered a glimpse
+
+02:56:41.075 --> 02:56:43.051
+into MIT's most cultured dorms.
+
+02:56:49.020 --> 02:56:53.019
+Despite an out cry of love and support
+for MIT's stranger dorms from students,
+
+02:56:53.019 --> 02:56:56.055
+alumni, and professors, the project
+could not hold back the tide
+
+02:56:58.098 --> 02:57:02.067
+a new administration was forming, and
+the trends of the past few decades were only
+
+02:57:02.067 --> 02:57:03.015
+accelerating.
+
+02:57:07.075 --> 02:57:14.011
+Sorry for interrupting, but I just
+wanted to wish the class of 2013 a hardy
+
+02:57:14.013 --> 02:57:16.099
+congratulations on your
+graduation from mit.
+
+02:57:17.021 --> 02:57:21.039
+You know, you were the first class that
+I admitted as the Dean of Admissions,
+
+02:57:21.067 --> 02:57:24.027
+which makes you particularly special.
+
+02:57:25.012 --> 02:57:30.043
+We admitted you to MIT because we knew
+that you were awesome and you were gonna do
+
+02:57:30.043 --> 02:57:33.003
+great things on our campus and beyond.
+
+02:57:33.005 --> 02:57:36.059
+And I wanna wish you well
+as you go out into the world,
+
+02:57:37.008 --> 02:57:39.079
+be awesome and make the
+world a better place.
+
+02:57:54.089 --> 02:57:59.086
+Well, the military is somewhat
+under misunderstood.
+
+02:57:59.089 --> 02:58:04.058
+I think actually I'm a pretty
+good position to know it.
+
+02:58:04.058 --> 02:58:09.078
+I've been at MIT for, I don't
+know, 65 years, 60 years I guess,
+
+02:58:10.020 --> 02:58:16.010
+and MIT is a good example of one crucial
+function to the military system.
+
+02:58:16.079 --> 02:58:24.018
+Uh, for many years, right into the 1970s,
+MIT was almost a hundred percent funded
+
+02:58:24.018 --> 02:58:30.038
+by the Pentagon. Uh, it was also the main
+academic center of resistance against the
+
+02:58:30.038 --> 02:58:31.022
+Vietnam War.
+
+02:58:31.091 --> 02:58:35.026
+Uh, my lab, in fact, was one
+of the main academic centers.
+
+02:58:36.009 --> 02:58:37.082
+I was up for a long jail sentence.
+
+02:58:38.020 --> 02:58:39.082
+The Pentagon didn't give a damn.
+
+02:58:40.023 --> 02:58:42.042
+If you wanna overthrow the
+country, that's your business.
+
+02:58:42.042 --> 02:58:46.030
+They don't care, you know, But what they
+did give a damn about is they're creating
+
+02:58:46.030 --> 02:58:48.038
+the next phase of the high tech economy.
+
+02:58:49.020 --> 02:58:54.034
+The Pentagon was, and remains to
+a large extent, a kind of a funnel, uh,
+
+02:58:54.047 --> 02:58:59.035
+but to which taxpayers poor
+funds diluted into thinking.
+
+02:58:59.035 --> 02:59:02.035
+You know, we're defending ourselves
+from whoever it may be,
+
+02:59:02.085 --> 02:59:08.039
+and the money goes into developing the,
+uh, next phase of the high tech economy.
+
+02:59:08.080 --> 02:59:14.015
+So if you use a computer or you
+use the internet, uh, uh, you know,
+
+02:59:14.015 --> 02:59:18.011
+you fly an airplane, which
+is a modified bomber and so on,
+
+02:59:18.046 --> 02:59:24.055
+you're taking advantage of the role
+of the dynamic state sector, of the
+
+02:59:29.015 --> 02:59:31.027
+Economy's dramatic facelifts of campus.
+
+02:59:31.027 --> 02:59:34.091
+And Cambridge would be continued by
+President who for the first time since
+
+02:59:34.091 --> 02:59:37.019
+Paul Gray was an MIT insight.
+
+02:59:40.028 --> 02:59:44.027
+Raphael wife was born in Venezuela to
+Jewish refugee parents who had fled the Nazi
+
+02:59:44.027 --> 02:59:45.015
+advance in Eastern Europe.
+
+02:59:48.096 --> 02:59:52.067
+He did his undergraduate study in
+Venezuela at the University of Carbo,
+
+02:59:52.067 --> 02:59:54.063
+earning his degree in
+electrical engineering.
+
+02:59:54.063 --> 02:59:59.079
+In 1973, he came to the United
+States for graduate school.
+
+03:00:00.000 --> 03:00:02.040
+Earning a PhD from Stanford in 1979.
+
+03:00:07.005 --> 03:00:11.000
+In 1980, he joined the MIT faculty
+as an assistant professor of electrical
+
+03:00:11.020 --> 03:00:13.036
+engineering receiving tenure in 1985.
+
+03:00:14.093 --> 03:00:20.048
+In 2004, he was named the Far Boy's Massey
+Professor of Emerging Technology and was
+
+03:00:20.048 --> 03:00:25.044
+named Provost. A year later, he served
+his provost at the Institute for seven
+
+03:00:25.044 --> 03:00:30.080
+years. And in 2012, Rafael wife was
+appointed the 17th president of mit.
+
+03:00:39.072 --> 03:00:43.028
+Susan Hockfield passed the baton to
+president right in a smooth transition of
+
+03:00:43.028 --> 03:00:49.016
+power. One of the first initiatives to
+accelerate under the Rife administration was
+
+03:00:49.036 --> 03:00:54.084
+edX. edX was an evolved form of MIT X.
+It was a partnership between MIT and Harvard
+
+03:00:54.084 --> 03:00:58.048
+to advance the goal of giving high quality
+and free online education to users
+
+03:00:58.048 --> 03:01:04.028
+across the world. Today, edX has
+grown to a cooperation between over 160
+
+03:01:04.028 --> 03:01:07.024
+institutions, and it has reached
+tens of millions of students
+
+03:01:07.048 --> 03:01:07.548
+Globally.
+
+03:01:17.006 --> 03:01:20.064
+Administration was dedicated to strengthening
+the entrepreneurial spirit of the
+
+03:01:20.064 --> 03:01:28.020
+modern mit. In 2016, MIT announced the
+engine, a deep tech startup incubator,
+
+03:01:28.020 --> 03:01:31.080
+which provided portfolio companies with
+both financial capital and access to the
+
+03:01:31.080 --> 03:01:33.020
+institute's advanced research labs
+
+03:01:34.097 --> 03:01:35.064
+Through
+
+03:01:35.064 --> 03:01:39.020
+The engine. MIT's fundamental research
+could be more easily commercialized.
+
+03:01:40.049 --> 03:01:46.008
+In the same year, MIT launched Sandbox,
+a program that supplied any MIT student or
+
+03:01:46.008 --> 03:01:48.064
+faculty member with mentorship
+and cash for their new startup.
+
+03:01:55.067 --> 03:02:00.068
+2016 was an encouraging year for MIT's
+future and also an important milestone in
+
+03:02:00.068 --> 03:02:04.096
+its history. Five years after
+celebrating its 150th anniversary,
+
+03:02:05.042 --> 03:02:06.084
+MIT celebrated its centennial.
+
+03:02:08.078 --> 03:02:12.072
+MIT 2016 marked the hundredth anniversary
+of MIT's move from Boston to Cambridge.
+
+03:02:13.026 --> 03:02:16.040
+The institute celebrated with special
+events from February through June.
+
+03:02:16.094 --> 03:02:20.020
+One of the most notable events was
+an open house held on April 23rd,
+
+03:02:20.046 --> 03:02:22.044
+one week after campus, PV weekend.
+
+03:02:24.065 --> 03:02:27.056
+It was similar to the open
+house of the 2011 celebrations,
+
+03:02:27.066 --> 03:02:29.068
+but executed at an even larger scale.
+
+03:02:30.017 --> 03:02:34.016
+It was a science fair of science fairs,
+a so-called Disneyland for nerds.
+
+03:02:34.086 --> 03:02:39.060
+For five hours on a Saturday, MIT opened
+its doors to the public and 20,000
+
+03:02:39.060 --> 03:02:42.064
+visitors toward more than 150
+labs and spaces around campus.
+
+03:02:45.006 --> 03:02:50.040
+Two weeks later, the campus celebrated
+moving day, the flagship event of MIT 2016,
+
+03:02:55.000 --> 03:02:55.500
+Somewhere
+
+03:02:57.079 --> 03:02:58.064
+Beyond the
+
+03:02:58.064 --> 03:03:01.072
+Sea reminiscent of the
+original moving day.
+
+03:03:01.072 --> 03:03:06.000
+In 1916, the MIT community crossed from
+Boston to Cambridge by various methods
+
+03:03:06.000 --> 03:03:10.088
+Stands on golden watches.
+
+03:03:10.088 --> 03:03:20.016
+The ships somewhere the sea.
+
+03:03:21.024 --> 03:03:23.096
+She's there watching for me.
+
+03:03:25.089 --> 03:03:28.012
+If I could fly like birds,
+
+03:03:30.059 --> 03:03:31.008
+Then
+
+03:03:31.028 --> 03:03:41.024
+Straight to it's, they understand
+
+03:03:42.046 --> 03:03:45.036
+The festivities culminated on
+May 7th with a toaster attack,
+
+03:03:45.074 --> 03:03:49.044
+the closing ceremony on Cleon Court through
+with the MIT community coming together
+
+03:03:49.044 --> 03:03:50.076
+to celebrate MIT success.
+
+03:03:51.073 --> 03:04:02.052
+We a short from Boston to Cambridge of
+360 1 4 suites plus minus one year journey
+
+03:04:02.052 --> 03:04:05.024
+from the industrial age
+to the technology age,
+
+03:04:05.035 --> 03:04:10.032
+from a vocational school to a quality
+technique university in the greatest research
+
+03:04:10.032 --> 03:04:14.028
+tradition, from a assortment
+of buildings to the unified,
+
+03:04:15.015 --> 03:04:23.028
+from a local institution to a global,
+from Boston Tech to Massachusetts Institutes
+
+03:04:23.028 --> 03:04:23.528
+technology.
+
+03:04:29.070 --> 03:04:34.040
+How about architectural genius
+and Pritzker Prize winner I,
+
+03:04:38.061 --> 03:04:40.004
+Richard Fineman.
+
+03:05:09.039 --> 03:05:14.074
+In 2016, under President Life's Leadership,
+MIT finally accomplished its mission.
+
+03:05:15.052 --> 03:05:18.002
+MIT had finally made a better world.
+
+03:05:19.008 --> 03:05:22.039
+The better World fundraising campaign
+was President Re's continuation of the
+
+03:05:22.039 --> 03:05:23.074
+tradition set by his predecessors.
+
+03:05:24.097 --> 03:05:28.090
+Its aim was to supply the institute with
+the funding necessary to secure its status
+
+03:05:28.090 --> 03:05:30.063
+as an elite global institution.
+
+03:05:31.052 --> 03:05:36.018
+The campaign was extremely successful,
+raising $3 billion in five months.
+
+03:05:37.048 --> 03:05:41.063
+The funding provided resources for the
+renovation of building nine and building two
+
+03:05:46.068 --> 03:05:49.066
+MIT Better World also enabled
+the construction of W 97,
+
+03:05:50.042 --> 03:06:13.014
+building 12 and the new
+MIT Museum Re's campaign.
+
+03:06:13.014 --> 03:06:17.082
+Also, boy, new initiatives and research
+centers, including the Bennett W Go Center
+
+03:06:17.082 --> 03:06:22.010
+for Finance and Policy, the Hawk,
+ean and Kay Lisa Young Center for Autism
+
+03:06:22.039 --> 03:06:25.039
+Research. The Abdu Latif
+Jamil World Education Lab,
+
+03:06:25.092 --> 03:06:28.050
+The Abdu Latif Jamille Clinic
+for Machine Learning and Health.
+
+03:06:28.076 --> 03:06:30.098
+And the Stephen a Schwarzman
+College of Computing.
+
+03:06:38.061 --> 03:06:42.039
+MIT ended its 2017 academic year
+with another massive celebration.
+
+03:06:43.001 --> 03:06:47.035
+One world at MIT was a festival showcasing
+the diversity and talent within the MIT
+
+03:06:47.035 --> 03:06:53.064
+community. On a Saturday afternoon in
+April, 1600 members of the community came
+
+03:06:53.088 --> 03:06:56.067
+together to watch performances from
+student groups and cultural organizations.
+
+03:06:59.051 --> 03:07:00.007
+Later
+
+03:07:00.007 --> 03:07:04.039
+In the evening, the number of attendees
+grew to 9,000 with students, faculty,
+
+03:07:04.053 --> 03:07:07.059
+and staff dancing together under
+four culturally themed tents.
+
+03:07:10.041 --> 03:07:14.080
+The event was another resounding success,
+and all levels of the MIT community
+
+03:07:14.080 --> 03:07:19.023
+looked forward to the second annual of
+what students had begun to call 10 parties.
+
+03:08:29.039 --> 03:08:34.066
+So many people at mit, let me tell
+you, MIT right now, y'all in a box.
+
+03:08:36.001 --> 03:08:37.066
+They have you in a box.
+
+03:08:37.066 --> 03:08:41.066
+You can save the world, but you are
+working on things that are too small.
+
+03:08:41.077 --> 03:08:46.078
+Take a step back, Stop worrying about,
+stop worrying about your college, uh,
+
+03:08:46.078 --> 03:08:51.058
+your loans. Stop worrying about what
+job that they got waiting for you in Silicon
+
+03:08:51.058 --> 03:08:53.026
+Valley, mit.
+
+03:08:53.026 --> 03:08:54.047
+You can save the world.
+
+03:08:54.081 --> 03:08:55.070
+Kids in college.
+
+03:08:55.070 --> 03:08:58.034
+You could save the world. I'll put
+my life on this interview right now.
+
+03:08:58.069 --> 03:08:59.082
+It's up to y'all.
+
+03:08:59.082 --> 03:09:01.055
+Y'all. The future, y'all.
+
+03:09:01.055 --> 03:09:03.094
+The future. But what y'all working
+on right now working on,
+
+03:09:03.094 --> 03:09:08.018
+I'm working on this 3D printed thing
+that is funded by, funded by Judo,
+
+03:09:08.043 --> 03:09:09.074
+Jeffrey Epstein.
+
+03:09:16.003 --> 03:09:20.023
+In September, 2019, the MIT Media
+Lab was making national news.
+
+03:09:22.032 --> 03:09:26.014
+Its director at the time was Joey
+Ito, a DJ turned entrepreneur,
+
+03:09:26.014 --> 03:09:28.006
+who had been leading the lab since 2011.
+
+03:09:29.011 --> 03:09:32.058
+He was excellent at communicating science
+and technology to a general audience.
+
+03:09:34.045 --> 03:09:37.006
+Joey's the expert, so
+I'm gonna defer to him.
+
+03:09:37.039 --> 03:09:41.006
+Uh, but my, my general
+observation, as you said,
+
+03:09:41.007 --> 03:09:46.026
+is that it is seeping into our lives
+in all sorts of ways that we just don't
+
+03:09:46.026 --> 03:09:47.010
+notice. Mm-hmm.
+
+03:09:47.014 --> 03:09:50.094
+<affirmative>, I feel like
+this is the year that, uh,
+
+03:09:50.094 --> 03:09:54.063
+artificial intelligence becomes
+not just the computer science problem,
+
+03:09:54.081 --> 03:09:56.006
+but something that.
+
+03:09:56.030 --> 03:10:00.048
+The White House that I, I've been
+working very closely with a fryer in the
+
+03:10:00.048 --> 03:10:03.095
+Dominican order who's trying
+to understand, um, you know,
+
+03:10:03.095 --> 03:10:07.027
+Bitcoin encryption and ai, um, from
+the perspective of the Catholics.
+
+03:10:07.027 --> 03:10:10.027
+And so, so I think that, that a lot
+of other people need to be involved,
+
+03:10:10.027 --> 03:10:13.015
+and the difficulty has been that
+the computer science community,
+
+03:10:13.016 --> 03:10:15.007
+they're not an easy gang to talk to.
+
+03:10:15.014 --> 03:10:19.019
+And so, and I think, you know, the White
+House here, your, your team and yourself.
+
+03:10:19.019 --> 03:10:23.080
+I, you've, you've probably gotten your
+head around this more than any other, um,
+
+03:10:23.084 --> 03:10:25.043
+anybody else in, in history.
+
+03:10:25.043 --> 03:10:28.064
+And it's, it's good timing because
+I think everybody needs to understand it.
+
+03:10:28.064 --> 03:10:29.051
+And I think that that's
+
+03:10:29.057 --> 03:10:34.015
+On August 15th, Joey Ito apologized to
+the Media Lab community for his relationship
+
+03:10:34.015 --> 03:10:37.083
+with Jeff Leary Epstein for visiting
+his estates and for allowing Epstein to
+
+03:10:37.083 --> 03:10:41.027
+contribute money to
+the lab in recom Pence.
+
+03:10:41.057 --> 03:10:45.072
+He vowed to return the Epstein money
+and to fundraised the equivalent amount to
+
+03:10:45.072 --> 03:10:48.023
+donate non-profits that help
+survivors of sex trafficking.
+
+03:10:49.022 --> 03:10:51.080
+Ito claimed to have no knowledge
+of Epstein's horrific crimes,
+
+03:10:51.090 --> 03:10:55.075
+and he ended his apology by inviting any
+member of the Media Lab community to reach
+
+03:10:55.075 --> 03:10:56.072
+out to him directly.
+
+03:10:58.010 --> 03:11:01.080
+Within 45 minutes, a flowy
+of emails came storming in.
+
+03:11:03.086 --> 03:11:09.023
+Some people challenged Joey Ito's apology
+and claims of ignorance while others
+
+03:11:09.023 --> 03:11:12.051
+stood up for him and pointed fingers
+at the system that allowed for a man like
+
+03:11:12.051 --> 03:11:14.003
+Jeffrey Epstein to get close to the lab.
+
+03:11:15.040 --> 03:11:20.019
+After a day, the discourse was moved to
+a scheduled town hall meeting to be held in
+
+03:11:20.019 --> 03:11:21.015
+person at the media lab.
+
+03:11:25.082 --> 03:11:30.011
+Over time, it was revealed that Jeffrey
+Epstein consistently visited the media lab
+
+03:11:30.011 --> 03:11:33.035
+throughout the 2010s to meet MIT's
+top scientists and administrators.
+
+03:11:37.003 --> 03:11:39.075
+Epstein's presence at the media
+lab was always difficult to hide.
+
+03:11:40.025 --> 03:11:43.040
+The conference rooms are made of
+glass and meeting calendars are public.
+
+03:11:44.027 --> 03:11:47.091
+Peter Cohen, the director of the
+Media Lab's funding and expansion,
+
+03:11:47.098 --> 03:11:51.019
+cooperated with ETO to conceal
+Jeffrey Epstein's donations,
+
+03:11:51.044 --> 03:11:54.015
+mocking them as anonymous
+and using the secret code.
+
+03:11:54.025 --> 03:11:56.075
+Jay, when mocking the
+calendars for his visits.
+
+03:12:05.036 --> 03:12:08.035
+Jeffrey Epstein was a billionaire
+child sex trafficker.
+
+03:12:10.048 --> 03:12:14.032
+He first entered the public eye in the
+1990s when the media described him as a
+
+03:12:14.032 --> 03:12:17.056
+successful hedge fund manager who went
+on lavish trips around the world with his
+
+03:12:18.003 --> 03:12:26.057
+friends. Epstein described himself
+as a philanthropist of science.
+
+03:12:29.007 --> 03:12:33.006
+He offended the world's top academics
+and innovators invited them to as many
+
+03:12:33.006 --> 03:12:36.025
+estates around the world, funding their
+labs, and promoting their research.
+
+03:12:38.028 --> 03:12:43.073
+Marvin Minsky is a computer scientist,
+and he is widely recognized as, uh,
+
+03:12:43.073 --> 03:12:46.085
+one of the founders, perhaps the
+founder of artificial intelligence,
+
+03:12:47.001 --> 03:12:49.009
+cognitive science, and robotics.
+
+03:12:49.050 --> 03:12:53.041
+He is responsible among other things,
+for the first neural network simulator,
+
+03:12:53.041 --> 03:12:56.035
+the first computer simulation
+of semantic memory.
+
+03:12:56.077 --> 03:13:00.056
+But, uh, perhaps most significantly,
+he was, uh,
+
+03:13:00.056 --> 03:13:06.043
+inspired Arthur C. Clark when he was,
+uh, writing 2001 a Space Odyssey and served
+
+03:13:06.052 --> 03:13:10.043
+as consultant for that movie,
+uh, in particular for the computer.
+
+03:13:10.045 --> 03:13:16.003
+How, uh, Marvin Minsky is Professor of
+Media Arts and Sciences Emeritus at mit.
+
+03:13:18.016 --> 03:13:21.023
+Jeffrey Epstein was particularly
+close with Marvin Minsky.
+
+03:13:21.055 --> 03:13:26.007
+They organized two academic conferences
+together, one in 2002 on artificial
+
+03:13:26.007 --> 03:13:29.015
+intelligence and another
+in 2012 on existential visc.
+
+03:13:30.085 --> 03:13:34.040
+The conference withheld on Epstein's
+private island, Little St.
+
+03:13:34.040 --> 03:13:40.032
+James, Virginia.
+
+03:13:40.032 --> 03:13:44.091
+Jeffrey, a victim and survivor of Jeffrey
+Epstein, later named Marvin Minsky.
+
+03:13:44.091 --> 03:13:47.023
+Among the powerful men, she
+was directed to have sex with.
+
+03:13:52.008 --> 03:13:52.508
+Jeffrey
+
+03:13:53.011 --> 03:13:55.011
+Epstein went to jail just
+before 10 this morning.
+
+03:13:55.024 --> 03:13:56.095
+He pleaded guilty in open court.
+
+03:13:57.032 --> 03:14:00.083
+He agreed to serve a total of 18 months
+in the Palm Beach Detention Facility.
+
+03:14:02.006 --> 03:14:06.011
+MIT professor Seth Lloyd visited Epstein
+as he served time in the Florida jail for
+
+03:14:06.011 --> 03:14:08.048
+quote, for curing a
+child for prostitution.
+
+03:14:08.088 --> 03:14:12.088
+Lloyd later explained his students during
+the lecture that Jeffrey Epstein was very
+
+03:14:13.019 --> 03:14:20.019
+charming. Epstein continued his philanthropy
+work after his 2008 conviction,
+
+03:14:20.030 --> 03:14:23.072
+and by all accounts, he continued
+to traffic young women and girls.
+
+03:14:25.083 --> 03:14:30.023
+According to MIT's official
+report, between 2013 and 2017,
+
+03:14:30.042 --> 03:14:33.064
+Joey ETO and Seth Lloyd invited
+Epstein to campus nine times.
+
+03:14:35.018 --> 03:14:38.056
+Professors who accepted Epstein's
+gifts would present their work to him,
+
+03:14:38.056 --> 03:14:41.088
+discuss hard-hitting ideas, and
+make plans for future patronage.
+
+03:14:53.049 --> 03:14:57.059
+The email states that Joey ETO invited
+MIT undergraduates to meet with Jeffrey
+
+03:14:57.088 --> 03:14:58.015
+Epstein,
+
+03:15:00.069 --> 03:15:01.059
+Billionaire
+
+03:15:01.083 --> 03:15:05.064
+Businessman, Jeffrey Epstein was arrested
+in New York Saturday on federal charges
+
+03:15:05.064 --> 03:15:07.015
+related to sex trafficking.
+
+03:15:07.030 --> 03:15:11.048
+The 66 year old hedge fund manager
+has long been accused of sexually abusing
+
+03:15:11.048 --> 03:15:12.040
+underage girls.
+
+03:15:12.073 --> 03:15:17.083
+In 2007, he pleaded guilty to two prostitution
+counts in Florida as part of a
+
+03:15:17.083 --> 03:15:22.080
+controversial deal to avoid federal charges,
+he was sentenced to 13 months in jail.
+
+03:15:23.033 --> 03:15:26.032
+MIT is facing more backlash
+from its own staff.
+
+03:15:26.040 --> 03:15:30.003
+After it was revealed, the school
+took money from Jeffrey Epstein.
+
+03:15:30.032 --> 03:15:34.032
+At least two high profile researchers
+have reportedly announced plans to resign in
+
+03:15:34.032 --> 03:15:34.532
+protests.
+
+03:15:37.008 --> 03:15:42.015
+On September 4th, 2019, the media lab
+held a town hall to address the growing
+
+03:15:42.015 --> 03:15:48.032
+scandal. Professors, administrators, graduate
+students, and MIT undergrads gathered
+
+03:15:48.032 --> 03:15:51.080
+to hear from Nicholas Negroponte,
+the founder of the Media Lab himself.
+
+03:15:52.097 --> 03:15:57.027
+He also had a decade long relationship
+with Jeffrey Epstein and was known to have
+
+03:15:57.027 --> 03:15:58.059
+flown on Epstein's private jet,
+
+03:15:59.007 --> 03:16:07.007
+A building full of interdisciplinary
+people who all had as a common vision making
+
+03:16:07.007 --> 03:16:08.027
+the world a better place.
+
+03:16:11.040 --> 03:16:14.080
+At the end of the Town Hall,
+Nego Ponte reminded his audience,
+
+03:16:15.013 --> 03:16:18.043
+If you wind back the clock,
+I would still say Take it.
+
+03:16:29.063 --> 03:16:34.023
+Upon further investigation, MIT revealed
+that President Rafael Life signed a thank
+
+03:16:34.023 --> 03:16:38.056
+you note to Jeffrey Epstein In 2012, after
+Epstein donated another six figure gift
+
+03:16:38.056 --> 03:16:39.056
+to Professor Seth Lloyd.
+
+03:16:40.073 --> 03:16:43.003
+It was the sixth week
+of life's presidency.
+
+03:16:49.065 --> 03:16:53.015
+In exchange for their support, the federal
+government and private corporations
+
+03:16:53.015 --> 03:16:55.080
+largely seek MIT's intellectual
+property and talent.
+
+03:16:58.068 --> 03:16:59.035
+However,
+
+03:16:59.085 --> 03:17:02.067
+The quid pro quo for wealthy
+individuals is more personal.
+
+03:17:03.003 --> 03:17:06.011
+Which donors of MIT get to
+share the institute's prestige.
+
+03:17:06.055 --> 03:17:10.048
+They are invited to attend MIT's galas,
+and they rub shoulders with top professors.
+
+03:17:12.025 --> 03:17:16.059
+MIT has an entire administrative apparatus
+to celebrate and appease these donors
+
+03:17:16.083 --> 03:17:18.095
+whose intentions may vary wildly.
+
+03:17:21.080 --> 03:17:23.098
+At the time of the controversy
+at the Media Lab,
+
+03:17:24.005 --> 03:17:26.055
+the new facility was only
+about seven years old.
+
+03:17:27.024 --> 03:17:30.078
+The hundred million building was
+designed by a noun Japanese architect,
+
+03:17:30.078 --> 03:17:35.007
+Fujiko Maki, and was constructed as a
+direct extension of the Media Lab's original
+
+03:17:35.007 --> 03:17:37.039
+Reasoner building designed by imp.
+
+03:17:39.053 --> 03:17:42.075
+The building is also about
+65 feet from Senior House.
+
+03:17:47.023 --> 03:17:51.035
+Senior House was MIT's first
+dormitory established in 1916.
+
+03:17:52.024 --> 03:17:57.015
+Similar to Bexley Hall, Senior House
+was filled with mules lo and tradition.
+
+03:17:57.065 --> 03:18:02.015
+However, unlike Bexley, the senior
+house building was in fine shape,
+
+03:18:02.077 --> 03:18:06.023
+but the new administration was increasingly
+unhappy with senior house students
+
+03:18:09.005 --> 03:18:10.023
+in June, 2016.
+
+03:18:10.048 --> 03:18:14.040
+As both MIT and Senior House wrapped
+up their centennial Chancellor,
+
+03:18:14.040 --> 03:18:16.003
+Cynthia Barnhardt made an announcement.
+
+03:18:16.059 --> 03:18:20.011
+After extensive research, data
+collection and committee meetings,
+
+03:18:20.034 --> 03:18:23.059
+Barnhart announced that no freshman would
+be allowed to move into senior house in
+
+03:18:23.059 --> 03:18:24.056
+the fall of 2016.
+
+03:18:28.057 --> 03:18:30.024
+She revealed some concerning statistics.
+
+03:18:30.094 --> 03:18:35.091
+From 2004 to 20 15, 80 4% of MIT students
+earned their undergraduate degree in four
+
+03:18:35.091 --> 03:18:38.064
+years, and just 7.5% dropped out.
+
+03:18:39.022 --> 03:18:41.083
+But for students who began their
+freshman year in senior house,
+
+03:18:41.098 --> 03:18:46.064
+the four year graduation rate was
+only 60%, and the dropout rate was 21%.
+
+03:18:49.050 --> 03:18:53.075
+Barnhart also cited credible concerns
+of illegal drug use at Senior House and her
+
+03:18:53.075 --> 03:18:56.019
+genital sense that it was an
+unsafe environment for students.
+
+03:19:01.059 --> 03:19:05.040
+After massive outcry from students and
+alumni for this potentially fatal blow to
+
+03:19:05.040 --> 03:19:08.003
+senior house, the tech printed
+the administration's response.
+
+03:19:09.049 --> 03:19:11.099
+The chancellor states that
+this is not a punitive measure.
+
+03:19:12.002 --> 03:19:16.015
+Rather, it is a move to support dorm
+residents and foster academic success and
+
+03:19:16.015 --> 03:19:20.019
+community wellbeing. Cynthia Barnhardt
+promised to work with the senior house
+
+03:19:20.019 --> 03:19:23.035
+community to address these disparities
+and solve the senior house problem.
+
+03:19:26.009 --> 03:19:29.072
+She assembled a working group of
+47 student leaders, faculty members,
+
+03:19:30.056 --> 03:19:33.088
+graduate residents, and administrators
+to spark a turnaround for senior house.
+
+03:19:37.022 --> 03:19:40.043
+But in the spring 2017
+semester, the tone shifted.
+
+03:19:40.098 --> 03:19:43.064
+The turnaround meeting suddenly
+ended, and instead,
+
+03:19:43.064 --> 03:19:46.056
+the MIT administration began
+a closed door formal review.
+
+03:19:47.098 --> 03:19:52.015
+The chancellor's staff interrogated every
+resident of Senior House individually
+
+03:19:52.015 --> 03:19:53.083
+with no legal representation.
+
+03:19:56.013 --> 03:19:59.080
+By the end of the semester, five Senior
+House sophomores face disciplinary.
+
+03:20:00.006 --> 03:20:04.060
+For legal drug activity, allegedly having
+purchased bulk orders of cocaine via the
+
+03:20:04.060 --> 03:20:09.048
+dark net. Coincidentally, the tour
+project, which maintains the dark net,
+
+03:20:09.070 --> 03:20:11.056
+was created by an alum of senior house.
+
+03:20:13.062 --> 03:20:17.052
+The crackdown continued, the
+administration shut down stairs,
+
+03:20:17.069 --> 03:20:21.016
+an annual festival where countless senior
+house alumni were turned to their former
+
+03:20:21.016 --> 03:22:40.036
+home. In June, 2017, Barnhart's
+committee announced Pilots 2021,
+
+03:22:40.071 --> 03:22:44.048
+a new program where all residents of senior
+House must be formally admitted by the
+
+03:22:44.048 --> 03:22:45.032
+MIT administration.
+
+03:22:46.073 --> 03:22:50.016
+It was simply too dangerous to allow
+senior house's culture to continue.
+
+03:22:50.053 --> 03:22:54.000
+So the Chancellor's Office attempted
+to create an entirely new one from scratch,
+
+03:22:54.032 --> 03:22:57.084
+built on the principles of career
+exploration, food and cooking,
+
+03:22:58.006 --> 03:22:59.060
+and mind and body wellness.
+
+03:23:11.018 --> 03:23:12.068
+The crowd was into it.
+
+03:23:12.088 --> 03:23:16.032
+There was lots of sweets and mugs.
+
+03:23:16.032 --> 03:23:18.040
+So overall, great event
+
+03:23:37.093 --> 03:23:40.068
+Fizzled out, but the result was final.
+
+03:23:41.031 --> 03:23:42.068
+Senior house was dead.
+
+03:23:42.070 --> 03:23:43.012
+I'm
+
+03:23:43.012 --> 03:23:44.016
+Gonna lose it.
+
+03:23:46.056 --> 03:23:48.000
+Substance abuse.
+
+03:23:48.097 --> 03:23:53.036
+In the fall of 2017, MIT announced
+that senior house would be converted into
+
+03:23:53.036 --> 03:23:54.052
+housing for graduate students.
+
+03:23:55.003 --> 03:23:58.068
+From then onward, it would
+be known as 70 Amherst Street.
+
+03:24:00.074 --> 03:24:04.060
+The national media viewed this saga as
+yet another turning point in university's
+
+03:24:04.060 --> 03:24:08.000
+lurch towards total safety
+Wired magazine contended.
+
+03:24:08.010 --> 03:24:11.012
+The knowledge economy means people
+need more and more schooling,
+
+03:24:11.012 --> 03:24:13.044
+which in turn extends the
+length of adolescence.
+
+03:24:13.099 --> 03:24:17.092
+This has led to a trend of administration's
+attempting to control every aspect of
+
+03:24:17.092 --> 03:24:21.072
+student's lives. It sets up a
+naturally combative relationship,
+
+03:24:21.072 --> 03:24:25.008
+especially in an environment
+as academically difficult as mit.
+
+03:24:25.095 --> 03:24:28.052
+It's you, the student against the I.
+
+03:24:29.083 --> 03:24:32.082
+Uh, it used to be the students were
+in charge of absolutely everything.
+
+03:24:32.092 --> 03:24:37.042
+The students were the desk workers who
+did security, did packages, sold stamps,
+
+03:24:37.042 --> 03:24:41.002
+sold soda, you know, whatever, rented
+out movies, whatever they wanted.
+
+03:24:41.027 --> 03:24:44.058
+Uh, students were in charge of keeping,
+uh, kitchens cleaned, you know,
+
+03:24:44.058 --> 03:24:48.038
+in charge of a lot more around
+the dorm than they currently are.
+
+03:24:48.066 --> 03:24:52.018
+Like one by one, like responsibility
+is being taken away.
+
+03:24:52.018 --> 03:24:55.034
+Students these days have to jump
+through so many hoops to do anything.
+
+03:24:55.034 --> 03:24:59.090
+There's, there's, there's so much liability
+that they have to worry about that we
+
+03:24:59.090 --> 03:25:01.018
+just did not worry about.
+
+03:25:01.080 --> 03:25:02.022
+And
+
+03:25:02.050 --> 03:25:05.077
+Drinking the destruction of senior house
+left the east side with just two dorms,
+
+03:25:05.089 --> 03:25:07.066
+Random Hall and East Campus.
+
+03:25:08.036 --> 03:25:12.045
+And a clock was ticking on the west
+side of campus where Burton was physically
+
+03:25:12.045 --> 03:25:19.042
+crumbling. Years after the
+closure of senior house,
+
+03:25:20.003 --> 03:25:23.045
+MIT announced that East Campus and,
+but would be shut down for maintenance.
+
+03:25:27.052 --> 03:25:28.002
+Each
+
+03:25:28.002 --> 03:25:32.010
+Round of maintenance comes with inia
+of meals and to have placements to the dorms
+
+03:25:32.010 --> 03:25:33.066
+foundation,
+There's a new dorm going up.
+
+03:25:33.092 --> 03:25:37.030
+And as soon as that's ready, as soon
+as the other renovations and other dorms are
+
+03:25:37.030 --> 03:25:39.061
+done, they're gonna renovate East Campus
+and they're gonna renovate it out of
+
+03:25:39.061 --> 03:25:42.038
+existence. The building may still
+exist, it might still be a dorm,
+
+03:25:42.038 --> 03:25:44.094
+but they are going to make sure
+that you're not painting murals,
+
+03:25:44.094 --> 03:25:48.034
+you're not modifying any portion, you're
+not knocking holes in the wall to put in a
+
+03:25:48.034 --> 03:25:50.061
+fish tank. You know, you're not,
+you're not doing any of the things.
+
+03:25:50.061 --> 03:25:54.058
+You're not given the freedom to express
+yourself that the East side culture
+
+03:25:54.069 --> 03:25:55.038
+requires.
+
+03:26:01.067 --> 03:26:06.002
+There's so much variety
+and so much choice, um,
+
+03:26:06.002 --> 03:26:07.094
+and so much independence for students.
+
+03:26:08.039 --> 03:26:13.058
+Uh, and I think that's like
+very much linked to MIT's values,
+
+03:26:13.064 --> 03:26:20.042
+and I hope that people come to realize
+that, who, uh, have control over, um,
+
+03:26:20.042 --> 03:26:21.014
+their future.
+
+03:27:15.031 --> 03:27:18.061
+In fall 2018, MIT Nano opened its doors.
+
+03:27:19.032 --> 03:27:22.061
+The 400 million facility was
+itself an engineering marvel.
+
+03:27:22.088 --> 03:27:26.018
+And just like how the data center was
+a commitment to computer science research,
+
+03:27:26.064 --> 03:27:30.014
+MIT Nano embodies the institute's commitment
+to the future of nanotechnology
+
+03:27:44.043 --> 03:27:45.090
+Located on our third floor.
+
+03:27:46.002 --> 03:27:50.030
+The MIT Nano Immersion Lab is an environment
+developing new software and hardware
+
+03:27:50.030 --> 03:27:51.094
+concepts for immersive experiences.
+
+03:27:58.064 --> 03:28:03.002
+Two weeks after MIT Nanos grand opening
+president wife announced the Stephen a
+
+03:28:03.002 --> 03:28:06.042
+Schwarzman College of Computing wis
+office called it the most significant
+
+03:28:06.053 --> 03:28:08.050
+restructuring of MIT in 70 years.
+
+03:28:09.027 --> 03:28:12.074
+My intent with this gift is
+to make the world a better place
+
+03:28:17.019 --> 03:28:20.030
+Founded
+On slavery and colonialism.
+
+03:28:22.059 --> 03:28:27.069
+At mit, we take very seriously at responsibility
+to prepare our students to be
+
+03:28:27.069 --> 03:28:33.058
+leaders, and to be leaders in addressing
+and solving the most important challenges
+
+03:28:33.064 --> 03:28:34.082
+the world is facing.
+
+03:28:35.035 --> 03:28:39.018
+We have done that for generations,
+and we will continue to do that.
+
+03:28:39.018 --> 03:28:43.042
+And now more than ever, we need to prepare
+students to understand the ethics and
+
+03:28:43.061 --> 03:28:46.058
+societal implications of these
+technology and these advancements.
+
+03:28:46.058 --> 03:28:47.076
+And
+We're in a unique.
+
+03:28:48.005 --> 03:28:51.013
+In history, but we actually can do those
+
+03:28:51.013 --> 03:28:51.513
+Things.
+
+03:28:53.042 --> 03:28:58.013
+The college established 50 new endowed
+faculty chairs and it further solidified
+
+03:28:58.025 --> 03:29:01.044
+MIT's devotion to computation
+and artificial intelligence.
+
+03:29:02.069 --> 03:29:05.020
+Hi, I'm Russell, and this is Spa.
+
+03:29:09.027 --> 03:29:09.527
+It's
+
+03:29:20.050 --> 03:29:25.049
+Hi everybody, and welcome to S 1 91.
+
+03:29:48.100 --> 03:30:29.009
+I am, um,
+
+03:30:37.038 --> 03:30:41.097
+On Thursday, March 5th, 2020, the Coronavirus
+had established itself in the
+
+03:30:41.097 --> 03:30:46.073
+United States. However, the MIT administration
+considered its risk to the campus
+
+03:30:46.073 --> 03:30:49.009
+community to be low, but just to be safe,
+
+03:30:49.050 --> 03:30:52.060
+MIT prohibited all social gatherings
+of 150 people or more.
+
+03:30:53.032 --> 03:30:55.097
+That policy even applied
+to campus preview weekend,
+
+03:30:56.000 --> 03:30:58.000
+which would be converted
+to a virtual format.
+
+03:30:59.003 --> 03:31:01.081
+Course instruction, however,
+would continue as normal.
+
+03:31:04.034 --> 03:31:10.000
+On Tuesday, March 10th, 2020, the administration
+took a significant new step in
+
+03:31:10.025 --> 03:31:14.000
+response to the virus requiring all
+students to evacuate campus within a week.
+
+03:31:15.082 --> 03:31:19.005
+At the time there were 92
+confirmed a presumptive covid,
+
+03:31:19.036 --> 03:31:20.068
+19 cases in the state of Massachusetts.
+
+03:31:24.061 --> 03:31:30.073
+On that day, thousands of students realized
+that their MIT was gone and they had no
+
+03:31:30.073 --> 03:31:31.097
+idea if it would come back.
+
+03:32:09.088 --> 03:32:16.009
+80 years, 100,000 alumni,
+trillions of dollars.
+
+03:32:18.016 --> 03:32:20.084
+What started as an idea
+to better the world?
+
+03:32:20.084 --> 03:32:23.033
+Through technology has
+become the gold standard.
+
+03:32:24.061 --> 03:32:28.020
+Through the tireless work of generations
+of extremely talented people,
+
+03:32:29.002 --> 03:32:33.005
+the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+has grown from a patch of dirt into a
+
+03:32:33.005 --> 03:32:40.025
+city on a river. And yet, with all
+our talent and all our resources,
+
+03:32:40.067 --> 03:32:44.089
+the Covid Pandemic brought this
+institute to a halt already,
+
+03:32:45.063 --> 03:32:49.073
+MIT has demonstrated remarkable resilience,
+and it is clear that the institute will
+
+03:32:49.073 --> 03:32:50.009
+survive,
+
+03:32:51.034 --> 03:32:52.052
+But it will not survive.
+
+03:32:52.052 --> 03:32:57.005
+Unchanged living groups and student clubs
+do not have billion dollar endowments.
+
+03:32:57.049 --> 03:32:58.084
+Which of them will survive?
+
+03:32:59.067 --> 03:33:02.049
+And if they die, what
+traditions will we lose?
+
+03:33:03.056 --> 03:33:04.005
+What
+
+03:33:04.005 --> 03:33:07.065
+Will take their place as students
+return to their labs?
+
+03:33:08.011 --> 03:33:11.005
+What research will we conduct
+and who will fund it?
+
+03:33:12.035 --> 03:33:19.002
+As we recover our balance and march on
+with the progress, who is MIT going to be?
\ No newline at end of file