From 4d50312abe59bca9d7906a81d4a4fd2ef42f1931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dukeeagle Date: Thu, 29 Dec 2022 17:00:17 -0600 Subject: [PATCH] add example vtt file --- .../mit regressions subtitles unfinished.vtt | 8939 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 8939 insertions(+) create mode 100644 viewer/subs/mit regressions subtitles unfinished.vtt diff --git a/viewer/subs/mit regressions subtitles unfinished.vtt b/viewer/subs/mit regressions subtitles unfinished.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e09f87d --- /dev/null +++ b/viewer/subs/mit regressions subtitles unfinished.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,8939 @@ +WEBVTT + +00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:14.093 +_ + +00:00:14.093 --> 00:00:17.083 +The Massachusetts Institute of +Technology began with a promise + +00:00:20.045 --> 00:00:22.036 +A promise that with a +devotion to technology, + +00:00:23.016 --> 00:00:26.064 +through vigorous study of math and science, +we can engineer a better tomorrow, + +00:00:27.079 --> 00:00:29.027 +we can make a better world. + +00:00:35.037 --> 00:00:41.004 +In this story, we ask a simple +question, Have we kept our promise? + +00:01:08.068 --> 00:01:13.078 +MIT was founded in 1861, but the institute +as we know it today, was born in 1941, + +00:01:14.095 --> 00:01:40.021 +December 7th, 1941. No matter how long +it may take us to overcome this premeditated + +00:01:40.022 --> 00:01:54.062 +invasion, the American people in their +righteous mic will win through to absolute. + +00:02:00.063 --> 00:02:04.064 +Once news of the attack on Pearl Harbor +reached the student body campus was in and + +00:02:04.064 --> 00:02:08.076 +uproar, students prepared +to drop out in droves, + +00:02:08.076 --> 00:02:10.056 +ready to enlist in military service. + +00:02:13.053 --> 00:02:15.092 +Worried about the mass exodus +of students from campus. + +00:02:15.096 --> 00:02:18.044 +President Compton urged students +to finish their degrees. + +00:02:19.005 --> 00:02:23.040 +If students were desperate to answer +the call to arms, then MIT would front line. + +00:02:31.090 --> 00:02:35.064 +MIT was well positioned to support the +war effort having recently solved everything + +00:02:35.064 --> 00:02:42.092 +there is to know about boats from +Pearl Harbor to the end of the war, + +00:02:43.003 --> 00:02:45.040 +United States would build +nearly 6,000 ships. + +00:02:45.090 --> 00:02:49.032 +But building the most dominant nav force +the world had ever seen was simply not + +00:02:49.032 --> 00:02:57.028 +enough. President Roosevelt had declared +total war and any hope that the + +00:02:57.028 --> 00:03:00.036 +United States had of winning relied +on mobilizing industrial potential of the + +00:03:00.036 --> 00:03:00.536 +nation. + +00:03:07.038 --> 00:03:11.060 +The US military needed MIT to develop +fundamentally new technology and the + +00:03:11.060 --> 00:03:16.020 +institute administrators recognized as +opportunity, namely President Compton and + +00:03:16.020 --> 00:03:19.044 +his colleague Boniva Bush, who +is Dean of Engineering at the time. + +00:03:20.007 --> 00:03:23.092 +Vannevar Bush was a brilliant American +engineer, born of a long line of + +00:03:23.092 --> 00:03:29.032 +Massachusetts boatman in 1915, having +already invented a novel surveyor tool. + +00:03:29.051 --> 00:03:33.048 +Bush enrolled as a grad student at MIT +and during the PhD in electrical engineering + +00:03:33.048 --> 00:03:34.036 +in only nine months. + +00:03:35.001 --> 00:03:39.012 +He began teaching at MIT in 1919 and +extended his track record of innovation. + +00:03:39.084 --> 00:03:44.048 +First Bush developed Rectifier Tube, +which radically simplified home radio and + +00:03:44.048 --> 00:03:46.020 +started a company called +Raytheon, The Market. + +00:03:46.020 --> 00:03:51.068 +His device, one of his proudest inventions, +was an analog computer for solving + +00:03:51.068 --> 00:03:53.020 +higher order differential equations. + +00:03:54.015 --> 00:03:57.012 +Bush was quoted saying that the +computer represented an ideal, + +00:03:57.058 --> 00:04:00.012 +the ability to think straight +in the midst of complexity. + +00:04:00.095 --> 00:04:01.056 +During + +00:04:01.056 --> 00:04:05.044 +World War ii, the Defense Department +would run Bush's computer 24 hours a day. + +00:04:07.099 --> 00:04:08.048 +Bush + +00:04:08.048 --> 00:04:12.060 +Would go on to lead long and esteemed +life advocating federal supportive scientific + +00:04:12.088 --> 00:04:14.024 +research and technological advancement. + +00:04:14.043 --> 00:04:17.056 +Ultimately leading to the creation +of the National Science Foundation. + +00:04:18.083 --> 00:04:22.020 +Bush's are sent for from academia, began +with the immense opportunity that World + +00:04:22.020 --> 00:04:26.024 +War II provided. He moved his career +from MIT to the White House as Chief Science + +00:04:26.024 --> 00:04:29.096 +advisor to President Roosevelt, managing +all defense contracts and spearheading the + +00:04:30.016 --> 00:04:31.076 +creation of the National +Defense Research Committee. + +00:04:33.076 --> 00:04:36.076 +President Compton, a founding +member of the ndrc, + +00:04:36.076 --> 00:04:38.064 +continued to serve as MIT president. + +00:04:38.064 --> 00:04:44.016 +Aligning the institute with the Warrior +Compton was an impressive man as well, + +00:04:44.048 --> 00:04:46.036 +installed as president of the Institute. + +00:04:46.036 --> 00:04:50.032 +At the dawn of the Great Depression, +he faced an anti-scientific culture and a + +00:04:50.032 --> 00:04:53.020 +financially crippled mit, an idealist. + +00:04:53.033 --> 00:04:57.044 +He overhauled MIT's engineering +curriculum and infused the sense Vigo, + +00:04:57.044 --> 00:04:58.044 +it still known for today. + +00:05:00.009 --> 00:05:03.080 +He sought an education system in science +and engineering that could propel the + +00:05:03.080 --> 00:05:04.032 +nation forward. + +00:05:04.078 --> 00:05:08.080 +And he later shaped other colleges in +the institute's image as the head of multiple + +00:05:08.096 --> 00:05:12.020 +accreditation boards. Once +World War II broke out, + +00:05:12.020 --> 00:05:16.004 +he was tasked with the most precious +need of the US defense strategy rubber. + +00:05:16.095 --> 00:05:21.044 +With Southeast Asia, our prime rubber +supplier now cut off from the allies the US + +00:05:21.044 --> 00:05:23.044 +scrambled for new sources +of the strategic material. + +00:05:24.012 --> 00:05:27.096 +President Roosevelt appointed President +Compton and other scientific leaders to + +00:05:27.096 --> 00:05:30.032 +quickly develop a strategy +for synthetic production. + +00:05:30.085 --> 00:05:34.024 +It was the first test in just one month. + +00:05:34.026 --> 00:05:37.072 +The taskforce built and connected +51 factories across the country. + +00:05:38.006 --> 00:05:41.056 +The success solidified MIT as an +important gear in the warm machine. + +00:05:47.030 --> 00:05:51.012 +The war effort consumed MIT +and MIT consumed the war. + +00:05:51.059 --> 00:05:55.056 +It's fair to say that to enroll at MIT +was to enlist in the technological branch of + +00:05:55.056 --> 00:05:56.044 +the US Armed Forces. + +00:05:57.004 --> 00:05:59.068 +MIT's RAD lab built the first +deployable radar machines. + +00:06:00.016 --> 00:06:00.096 +Professor + +00:06:00.096 --> 00:06:04.084 +Charles Stark Draper's instrumentation +lab developed inertial navigation systems + +00:06:05.028 --> 00:06:08.048 +critical to ships, tanks, planes, +and virtually everything that move. + +00:06:10.084 --> 00:06:15.048 +Professor Edgerton pioneered high speed +photography critical for Connaissance and + +00:06:15.048 --> 00:06:16.096 +ultimately making D-Day possible. + +00:06:49.032 --> 00:06:50.070 +The war was won in Europe. + +00:06:54.034 --> 00:06:57.066 +Electricity was no longer bashing and +Killian Quartz lights could come back on. + +00:06:58.029 --> 00:07:03.078 +Took a memory. At VE day, the institute +celebrated in the only way it knew how by + +00:07:03.078 --> 00:07:05.094 +hosting a science fair showing off. + +00:07:05.094 --> 00:07:08.025 +All the technology developed +during those few short years, + +00:07:44.084 --> 00:07:49.054 +but there was still one more enemy, +and MIT had one more lap to fight it. + +00:08:09.035 --> 00:08:11.060 +With all of the projects +successfully completed, + +00:08:12.008 --> 00:08:14.084 +institute students and faculty +flock to Los Alamos. + +00:08:14.084 --> 00:08:27.016 +In an effort to bear the, the +RAD Lab completely shut down. + +00:08:27.035 --> 00:08:28.068 +Emptying itself flows. + +00:08:28.068 --> 00:08:35.015 +Alamos, every department sent its best +electrical engineers, physicists, chemists, + +00:08:35.015 --> 00:08:40.091 +and even photographers came together for +their ultimate creation, pure destruction. + +00:09:08.080 --> 00:09:10.083 +He knew the world would not be the same. + +00:09:14.000 --> 00:09:19.031 +Few people laughed, few people cried. + +00:09:20.025 --> 00:09:21.066 +Most people were silent. + +00:09:25.034 --> 00:09:29.014 +I remembered the line +from the Indu scripture. + +00:09:29.014 --> 00:09:42.038 +The Bible, Adi this knew, was trying +to persuade the prince that he should do his + +00:09:42.038 --> 00:09:50.095 +duty and to impress him, takes +on his multi-armed form and says, + +00:09:51.097 --> 00:09:53.035 +Now I am become deaf. + +00:09:54.005 --> 00:09:55.059 +The destroyer of worlds. + +00:09:58.062 --> 00:10:00.099 +I suppose we all thought +that one way or another. + +00:10:01.014 --> 00:10:03.079 +Hello, I'm John Fitch, +MIT Science Reporter. + +00:10:03.095 --> 00:10:07.059 +We're at the home of Dr. Vannevar +Bush in Belmont, Massachusetts. + +00:10:07.094 --> 00:10:12.005 +He shared the enormous responsibility +for the development and use of our most + +00:10:12.005 --> 00:10:14.005 +fearsome weapon, the atomic bomb. + +00:10:14.017 --> 00:10:15.037 +Let's meet Dr. Bush. + +00:10:15.084 --> 00:10:21.049 +Well, of course my first reaction was +one of great relief that the program had been + +00:10:21.049 --> 00:10:23.088 +successful and the bomb +had gone off on a schedule. + +00:10:24.063 --> 00:10:28.040 +Well, now when you go look back +from a vantage point of 18 years, uh, + +00:10:28.053 --> 00:10:30.005 +do you have any regrets about it? + +00:10:30.046 --> 00:10:34.037 +No. Of course, President Truman +made the decision to use the bomb, + +00:10:34.090 --> 00:10:37.069 +but I thought then, and I +think now that he was right + +00:13:55.036 --> 00:13:58.015 +After successfully conquering +the planet in the second World War. + +00:13:58.047 --> 00:14:05.024 +Life at MIT was peaceful, almost bucolic +word spread of MIT's decisive role in the + +00:14:05.024 --> 00:14:08.028 +war and its prestige balloon +as its acceptance rate rank. + +00:14:11.047 --> 00:14:15.039 +A focus on an enhanced student life emerged +with ample funding for student groups, + +00:14:15.047 --> 00:14:17.044 +recreation, and additional dorms. + +00:14:18.086 --> 00:14:22.044 +The institute would be unrecognizable +to a student from just 10 years prior. + +00:14:23.025 --> 00:14:25.080 +MIT had become a popular +kid with powerful friends. + +00:14:38.079 --> 00:14:44.039 +This was made possible by MIT's now permanent +wartime friends, the d o d, the cia, + +00:14:44.074 --> 00:14:46.063 +and countless private +military contractors. + +00:14:47.033 --> 00:14:49.060 +Butcher own Athia was chief amongst them. + +00:14:51.038 --> 00:14:56.015 +Former GIS returned to a greatly expanded +MIT living in highly experimental west + +00:14:56.015 --> 00:14:59.063 +campus housing, replete with solar panels +and other cutting edge innovations. + +00:15:00.066 --> 00:15:03.100 +With the Lewis report, the undergraduate +curriculum was overhauled. + +00:15:03.100 --> 00:15:07.043 +Once again. The report, which +was more of a proclamation, + +00:15:07.067 --> 00:15:09.096 +broke up the institute +into distinct schools. + +00:15:10.029 --> 00:15:17.088 +Science, engineering, architecture planning, +and has coursework and humanities and + +00:15:17.088 --> 00:15:21.088 +social sciences was instituted as a +requirement for all undergraduates with no + +00:15:21.088 --> 00:15:34.060 +exceptions. The report +also exposed an epidemic. + +00:15:34.060 --> 00:15:38.084 +Of course, Bibles compilations of +past exams and problem sets with answers + +00:15:38.084 --> 00:15:46.012 +included. A radical demographic +shift was also underway. + +00:15:46.059 --> 00:15:50.048 +Over the course of the decade, the undergraduate +population of women grew by 50 + +00:15:51.035 --> 00:15:52.004 +students. + +00:15:53.060 --> 00:15:59.056 +About 100 co-eds attend MIT and participate +in all aspects of student affairs. + +00:15:59.086 --> 00:16:04.036 +The girls have their own social rooms +in the main school building inside this door. + +00:16:04.036 --> 00:16:10.029 +It's strictly no men allowed Hear the +co-eds congregate between classes and relax + +00:16:10.029 --> 00:16:12.092 +from the pressure of class +work among other things. + +00:16:13.004 --> 00:16:14.097 +This is the girls' Communication Center. + +00:16:15.038 --> 00:16:19.081 +In typical feminine fashion, the girls +take time out to gossip about clothes and + +00:16:19.081 --> 00:16:25.000 +dates, exchange news, and congratulate +or sympathize with one another about their + +00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:30.077 +grades. MIT co-eds are gifted musically +too and relax in this enjoyable manner. + +00:16:30.088 --> 00:16:35.064 +After finishing with gossiping and other +talk, when studying in the horizontal, + +00:16:35.064 --> 00:16:38.005 +one must be prepared to +accept this consequence. + +00:16:38.100 --> 00:16:43.077 +Here, the girls study in complete silence +and the signs of intense concentration + +00:16:43.085 --> 00:16:46.064 +are evident well, most +of the time anyway. + +00:16:46.077 --> 00:16:50.005 +After all, the studious beaver +is also the social beaver. + +00:16:50.031 --> 00:16:54.061 +And what is more natural than planning +and daydreaming about that new evening gown. + +00:16:56.058 --> 00:17:01.064 +In 1955, the institute established the +Office of Minority Education to promote + +00:17:01.064 --> 00:17:03.092 +inclusion for the growing number +of Irish and Italian students. + +00:17:05.009 --> 00:17:06.097 +MIT's non-white population quickly grew. + +00:17:09.036 --> 00:17:14.005 +This family from the Philippines is a +reminder that MIT has the most cosmopolitan + +00:17:14.005 --> 00:17:19.013 +student body of any college or university +in the United States with nearly every + +00:17:19.013 --> 00:17:20.049 +country in the world represented. + +00:17:21.027 --> 00:17:27.009 +The core of MIT's success is its power +to vitalize its students hidden reserve of + +00:17:27.009 --> 00:17:28.033 +energy and imagination. + +00:17:28.084 --> 00:17:33.024 +This the classroom cannot do alone +for the social life of the student is the + +00:17:33.045 --> 00:17:36.061 +catalyst. MIT provides +all the ingredients needed. + +00:17:36.099 --> 00:17:42.013 +Our social beaver has rare extracurricular +opportunities and does indeed use them + +00:17:42.013 --> 00:17:42.513 +well. + +00:18:11.013 --> 00:18:15.047 +Before our story begins, let + setting for Boston, + +00:18:15.047 --> 00:18:17.003 +we see a of technology. + +00:18:18.001 --> 00:18:21.038 +MIT is best known for the scientists +and engineers who have studied there, + +00:18:21.072 --> 00:18:25.047 +but much of MIT's campus houses, +laboratories, and research project, + +00:18:25.070 --> 00:18:29.003 +which provides a stimulating +practice for faculty and students. + +00:18:29.028 --> 00:18:33.011 +On the edge of the campus is the digital +Computer laboratory home of Project + +00:18:33.011 --> 00:18:33.511 +Whirlwind. + +00:18:34.039 --> 00:18:38.047 +In the late 1950s, MIT was at +the forefront of digital computing. + +00:18:39.013 --> 00:18:44.018 +Claude Shannon was pioneering information +theory introducing binary digits or bits + +00:18:44.024 --> 00:18:45.038 +to encode information. + +00:18:48.005 --> 00:18:51.087 +His colleague, Perry Crawford helped +develop whirlwind a state-of-the-art digital + +00:18:52.022 --> 00:18:53.059 +computer that became +the standard for all. + +00:18:53.059 --> 00:18:54.011 +That followed + +00:18:55.024 --> 00:18:59.083 +The Amatic element where the Arithmetics +performed consists of 16 racks. + +00:19:00.010 --> 00:19:04.001 +Each rack handles one of the +16 binary digits rising of Word. + +00:19:04.068 --> 00:19:08.088 +Harry and Claw developed their work under +the mentorship of a shared advisor for + +00:19:08.088 --> 00:19:18.020 +Neva Bush. Other professors were also +hard at work, bolstering MIT's reputation. + +00:19:21.036 --> 00:19:25.005 +Professors Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy +founded a groundbreaking computer + +00:19:25.005 --> 00:19:28.040 +science lab, and in the process coined +a term that would change the world. + +00:19:28.091 --> 00:19:30.028 +Artificial intelligence. + +00:20:02.006 --> 00:20:03.004 +Now, what are they doing? + +00:20:03.004 --> 00:20:05.072 +Showing the computer the +alphabet for the first time? + +00:20:05.098 --> 00:20:06.040 +Yes. + +00:20:06.040 --> 00:20:08.072 +In just the same way the teacher +did with a child letter. + +00:20:09.010 --> 00:20:12.000 +The longer the line, the +sure the computer is of its + +00:20:16.063 --> 00:20:22.084 +Answer's indicated that +bottom bar 80% sure. + +00:20:23.007 --> 00:20:23.507 +Pretty good. + +00:20:24.042 --> 00:20:25.068 +Now, do you call that learning? + +00:20:26.055 --> 00:20:30.072 +Well, I know that if my wife and I +saw our kids going through that process, + +00:20:30.072 --> 00:20:31.072 +we'd call it learning. + +00:20:32.045 --> 00:20:34.052 +So machines really can learn. + +00:20:34.083 --> 00:20:36.096 +With the Cold War simulating +in the background, + +00:20:37.086 --> 00:20:41.060 +MIT expanded it's pursuit of science +and engineering for a better world. + +00:20:42.082 --> 00:20:45.096 +Doc Draper's lab continued producing +guidance systems for the military + +00:20:51.026 --> 00:20:54.080 +and the Lincoln Laboratories were founded +to strengthen the link between MIT and + +00:20:54.080 --> 00:21:02.064 +the Department of Defense. Recruiting +pipelines were engineered from the institute + +00:21:02.064 --> 00:21:06.012 +to the cia, d o d and private +military contractors, + +00:21:06.055 --> 00:21:09.080 +ensuring government access to +MIT's most valuable resource. + +00:21:14.065 --> 00:21:18.092 +Towards the end of the fifties, a satellite +Lincoln Labs detected something it had + +00:21:18.092 --> 00:21:24.024 +never detected before, something +no one had ever detected before. + +00:21:35.027 --> 00:21:36.028 +Medium range + +00:21:37.005 --> 00:21:37.505 +Me + +00:21:38.036 --> 00:21:40.032 +Military buildup on the island of + +00:21:41.060 --> 00:21:48.016 +Among the stars, like the + +00:21:48.016 --> 00:21:53.048 +Purpose of these bases can be none +other Then to provide a nuclear strike + +00:21:53.048 --> 00:22:00.028 +capability against the Western Hemisphere, +we choose to go to the moon in this + +00:22:00.028 --> 00:22:02.004 +decay and do the other thing + +00:22:02.093 --> 00:22:05.052 +To boldly go When no man has gone before, + +00:22:08.035 --> 00:22:12.064 +Fill my heart with and let sing + +00:22:14.058 --> 00:22:17.068 +The apparently official President Kennedy + +00:22:18.019 --> 00:22:19.056 +Died at one. + +00:22:20.048 --> 00:22:23.016 +Shall Hannah overcome. + +00:22:23.055 --> 00:22:24.064 +Stop sweet talking. + +00:22:25.015 --> 00:22:26.000 +Tell him how. + +00:22:26.086 --> 00:22:31.048 +And let's to clean his house up. + +00:22:33.013 --> 00:22:36.072 +He shouldn't have a house +should catch on fire. + +00:22:37.087 --> 00:22:38.048 +Burned + +00:23:12.067 --> 00:23:13.016 +Fill + +00:23:13.033 --> 00:23:14.084 +My heart with song. + +00:23:15.062 --> 00:23:17.068 +Let me sing Forever + +00:23:40.089 --> 00:23:47.060 +In love + +00:23:49.037 --> 00:23:50.056 +In a nation's pledge. + +00:23:50.070 --> 00:23:52.040 +Now been fulfilled. + +00:23:52.054 --> 00:23:54.056 +The lunar age has begun. + +00:23:57.050 --> 00:23:58.064 +You, man. + +00:23:58.064 --> 00:24:01.008 +On the moon. Oh boy. + +00:24:01.098 --> 00:24:06.004 +Boy. We're gonna be busy for +a minute while they say something. + +00:24:06.004 --> 00:24:06.504 +I'm speechless. + +00:24:14.056 --> 00:24:17.071 +Hi. Uh, could I have +the um, noodle salad? + +00:24:17.071 --> 00:24:20.031 +Yes. With, uh, tofu as the protein? + +00:24:20.031 --> 00:24:23.007 +Yeah. And, uh, soy drizzle +as the dressing. + +00:24:23.007 --> 00:24:24.015 +Okay. Anything else? + +00:24:24.032 --> 00:24:25.019 +Uh, that's all. + +00:24:25.022 --> 00:24:26.027 +Okay, thank you. + +00:24:26.060 --> 00:24:27.019 +No problem. + +00:24:34.051 --> 00:24:38.010 +If you read through the campus newspaper +from all the years before World War ii, + +00:24:38.020 --> 00:24:41.070 +you would think Yeah, an engineer +definitely wrote this. + +00:24:41.083 --> 00:24:45.090 +It is the most dry end dispassionate +newspaper I've ever read. + +00:24:46.005 --> 00:24:50.062 +It's barely more than a list of academic +deadlines and updates about how poorly the + +00:24:50.082 --> 00:24:53.030 +athletic teams are doing. +Uh, pretty boring stuff. + +00:24:53.047 --> 00:24:55.038 +Uh, but Pearl Harbor changes all that. + +00:24:55.080 --> 00:24:58.050 +You see, when there is a +national directive in place, + +00:24:58.050 --> 00:25:01.094 +when resources and efforts +are consolidated, + +00:25:01.094 --> 00:25:04.058 +the institute really becomes impassioned. + +00:25:04.058 --> 00:25:09.018 +It finds its purpose, and in the 1960s, +that directive was the space rich. + +00:25:09.029 --> 00:25:14.074 +5 4 3, 2, 1 0. + +00:25:15.016 --> 00:25:16.034 +All engine runs. + +00:25:28.060 --> 00:25:33.067 +Today's big picture will reveal the dramatic +suspenseful story of how the army, + +00:25:33.086 --> 00:25:38.043 +when the Prestiges of the United States +throughout the world had been shaken by + +00:25:38.043 --> 00:25:42.099 +events beyond its control, stirred the +hearts and emotions of the American people + +00:25:43.018 --> 00:25:46.091 +with an epic display of scientific +and technical teamwork. + +00:25:47.066 --> 00:25:52.063 +When NASA began operations on October +1st, 1958, it already had connections to mit. + +00:25:53.037 --> 00:25:56.083 +MIT president, Dr. James Killian, was +serving a special assistant for science and + +00:25:56.083 --> 00:25:58.035 +technology to President Eisenhower. + +00:25:58.076 --> 00:26:01.099 +It was Dr. Killian who recommended +that the National Advisory Committee for + +00:26:01.099 --> 00:26:05.031 +Aeronautics be transformed to the National +Aeronautics and Space Administration. + +00:26:05.076 --> 00:26:09.043 +Several other notable figures from the +early years of NASA were MIT faculty and + +00:26:09.043 --> 00:26:14.039 +alumni. Professor Jerome c Hunsaker +served as chairman of NACA in the fifties, + +00:26:14.039 --> 00:26:18.035 +Professor Rayman l Biling Hoff was +NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced + +00:26:18.051 --> 00:26:21.087 +Research and Technology. Professor Robert +Siemens served as deputy administrator. + +00:26:21.094 --> 00:26:25.019 +John McCarthy was the chief engineer +of the Space Systems Division at North + +00:26:25.051 --> 00:26:28.079 +American Aviation, the NASA contractor +that built the Apollo commanded service + +00:26:28.079 --> 00:26:32.095 +modules. Joseph g Gavin was president +of the Grumman Corporation and oversaw + +00:26:32.095 --> 00:26:34.035 +construction of Apollo's Luna Module. + +00:26:38.018 --> 00:26:41.019 +Many of the Apollo era astronauts +were also MIT alumni. + +00:26:45.018 --> 00:26:49.003 +Once formed, NASA began to innovate +at a pace that has never been seen by any + +00:26:49.003 --> 00:26:49.503 +institution since. + +00:26:50.060 --> 00:26:54.063 +Project Mercury kicked off in the first +days of NASA to probe the most fundamental + +00:26:54.091 --> 00:26:56.023 +questions associated with space travel. + +00:26:56.089 --> 00:27:01.047 +Its mission was to orbit a man spacecraft +around Earth to investigate how a human + +00:27:01.047 --> 00:27:05.051 +body functions in space, and to safely +return an astronaut and spacecraft to + +00:27:05.051 --> 00:27:05.551 +ground. + +00:27:07.011 --> 00:27:10.083 +After Alan, she became the second man +and first American to orbit the earth and + +00:27:10.083 --> 00:27:14.067 +return safely. President Kennedy announced +the directive of landing a man on the + +00:27:14.067 --> 00:27:20.091 +moon. 10 weeks later, the first major +contract of the Apollo program was awarded to + +00:27:20.091 --> 00:27:23.027 +NASA's older brother mit. + +00:27:25.013 --> 00:27:27.059 +The contract was for the navigation +and guidance system, + +00:27:27.059 --> 00:27:30.071 +the autopilot that would get the +astronauts from Earth to Luna Orbit. + +00:27:31.005 --> 00:27:35.019 +The contract was awarded to the MIT +Instrumentation Lab led by Dr. Draper. + +00:27:35.063 --> 00:27:38.027 +Hello, I'm John Fitch, MIT Science. + +00:27:38.027 --> 00:27:42.019 +Before today, we're at the +MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, + +00:27:42.031 --> 00:27:47.003 +which has been given design responsibility +for this guidance and navigation system, + +00:27:47.015 --> 00:27:51.047 +which will direct our Apollo spacecraft +ons way to the Bulls facts. + +00:27:52.032 --> 00:27:58.010 +At one time, direction of the rising +sun rapid winding riverbed with all the fan + +00:27:58.010 --> 00:28:00.098 +needed is restless search for new land. + +00:28:01.054 --> 00:28:06.042 +Today we speak of traversing a billion +miles of empty space where there is no + +00:28:06.042 --> 00:28:11.070 +north, no south, no rising, north +setting sun, not even any up or down. + +00:28:12.025 --> 00:28:15.078 +It's an extremely complicated +pass requiring many, + +00:28:15.078 --> 00:28:18.042 +many measurements and +billions of calculation. + +00:28:18.056 --> 00:28:22.082 +The guidance system operating at a 12 +microsecond clock speed performed flawlessly + +00:28:22.082 --> 00:28:24.002 +through nine flights to the moon. + +00:28:24.058 --> 00:28:27.046 +Astronaut David, a Scott called +it a tremendous machine, + +00:28:27.083 --> 00:28:29.090 +so reliable that they +never needed the backups. + +00:28:39.052 --> 00:28:44.090 +The space age Ushered in many of the +technologies that have become ubiquitous of + +00:28:44.090 --> 00:28:46.066 +the most notable was +satellite television. + +00:28:47.075 --> 00:28:51.062 +In 1962, Lincoln Laboratories transmitted +television via satellite. + +00:28:51.062 --> 00:28:55.002 +For the first time using NASA's +Echo one balloon satellites, + +00:28:55.012 --> 00:28:58.026 +the picture transmitted 2,700 +miles across the country. + +00:28:58.048 --> 00:29:00.098 +Was short and simple, just three letters. + +00:29:06.008 --> 00:29:11.026 +The space race was cool, but it's the +social change at MIT that I find truly + +00:29:11.026 --> 00:29:16.054 +remarkable. In 1964, we got McCormick +McCall, the first and only campus dorm built + +00:29:16.054 --> 00:29:21.010 +for women. The population of female +undergrads grew to over 150 because + +00:29:21.010 --> 00:29:22.002 +You know, they're older people. + +00:29:22.002 --> 00:29:24.094 +You know, you get yeah, your freshman +year and you can have the attitude of + +00:29:24.094 --> 00:29:26.018 +enjoying what you're learning. + +00:29:26.042 --> 00:29:27.050 +Somewhat , right? + +00:29:27.050 --> 00:29:31.034 +Especially since it just, it +makes such a better atmosphere. + +00:29:31.057 --> 00:29:35.070 +I came up here and visited last year +and I met lots of nice people and I went to + +00:29:35.070 --> 00:29:38.002 +classes and things, and it seemed +like a really great place. + +00:29:38.029 --> 00:29:42.018 +Social life is nothing to snub and +the 20 to one ratio, you can't lose. + +00:29:55.082 --> 00:29:58.079 +I have not money. + +00:30:00.075 --> 00:30:05.011 +1964 is also when Shirley and Jackson +arrives on campus at the time. + +00:30:05.011 --> 00:30:10.019 +She's won of fewer than 20 black students +at MIT in 1968 when she and fellow + +00:30:10.019 --> 00:30:13.075 +student Jennifer Rudd graduate, they're +the first black women to earn their + +00:30:13.075 --> 00:30:15.043 +undergraduate degrees in mit. + +00:30:15.048 --> 00:30:21.003 +Jackson goes on to become the first black +woman to earn a doctorate in mit and the + +00:30:21.003 --> 00:30:23.099 +second black woman in the United +States to earn a doctorate in physics. + +00:30:24.091 --> 00:30:28.099 +1968 is also the founding year of the +Black students union with Jackson leading it + +00:30:28.099 --> 00:30:29.075 +in its first year. + +00:30:30.009 --> 00:30:34.071 +The MIT Black Student Union +was formed last spring to, + +00:30:35.012 --> 00:30:39.059 +to bring together black students to see +what they had in their minds and to see + +00:30:39.059 --> 00:30:44.043 +what we could do. We presented our proposals +this fall to the administration, uh, + +00:30:44.051 --> 00:30:47.067 +about, uh, getting more +black students at mit. + +00:30:47.067 --> 00:30:51.003 +Hopefully, we'll have a hundred +freshmen in the fall, + +00:30:51.051 --> 00:30:55.095 +although this may be kind +of a naive, uh, estimate. + +00:30:56.060 --> 00:30:59.039 +It might be an overestimation, +but we are trying, + +00:30:59.039 --> 00:31:03.007 +and now we're in the process +of recruiting black students + +00:31:10.047 --> 00:31:11.063 +After McCormick call. + +00:31:11.063 --> 00:31:13.063 +There are a number of +other changes to campus. + +00:31:13.093 --> 00:31:16.091 +The green building is completed in 1964. + +00:31:17.026 --> 00:31:20.055 +E 53 and E 55 followed +shortly thereafter. + +00:31:20.073 --> 00:31:23.055 +And in 1965, the student center opened. + +00:31:23.085 --> 00:31:27.043 +You can imagine how much construction +must have been going on at that time. + +00:31:33.070 --> 00:31:36.079 +Many of MIT's characteristic institutions +were born in this era. + +00:31:38.001 --> 00:31:43.031 +The interface edge program began in 1969, +the same year that Margaret mc launched + +00:31:43.031 --> 00:31:45.015 +the undergraduate research +opportunities program. + +00:31:51.012 --> 00:32:01.039 +In 1968, MIT and Wellesley began +the cross registration program pass. + +00:32:01.039 --> 00:32:04.023 +Fail grading was also implemented +for students first two semesters. + +00:32:07.080 --> 00:32:09.059 +Uh, the school here is + +00:32:11.006 --> 00:32:14.083 +Sort of a machine where you go in and +they pound math and science into your head + +00:32:15.035 --> 00:32:17.099 +about six or seven hours a day. + +00:32:19.009 --> 00:32:24.063 +And when you get out of here, +you can do any engineering problem. + +00:32:25.060 --> 00:32:31.055 +Of course, there don't seem to be +very concerned with how much emotion or + +00:32:31.055 --> 00:32:34.003 +creativity or individuality +that you have left. + +00:32:34.072 --> 00:32:39.036 +They're not, There's no set +pattern of destroying this. + +00:32:39.048 --> 00:32:48.088 +It just seems that in learning so much +that is cold and unemotional so quickly, + +00:32:49.082 --> 00:32:54.028 +you don't have time to develop the emotional +responses that are usually associated + +00:32:54.028 --> 00:32:56.059 +with, let's say, a more +liberal education. + +00:32:56.094 --> 00:33:00.007 +People. People plan their +time very carefully. + +00:33:00.007 --> 00:33:01.099 +They, they budget their +time for their classes. + +00:33:01.099 --> 00:33:04.023 +They budget their time +even for their dates. + +00:33:04.023 --> 00:33:06.083 +You know, it's, it's, it's as if their, + +00:33:06.083 --> 00:33:12.035 +their whole social life were compartmentalized +into this five or six hours on + +00:33:12.051 --> 00:33:14.075 +Saturday night, because that's +the time they have to spend on it. + +00:33:56.087 --> 00:33:58.063 +Could you lower those signs, please? + +00:34:01.022 --> 00:34:03.095 +I have some very sad news for all of you. + +00:34:04.085 --> 00:34:09.070 +And that is that Martin Luther King was +shot and was killed tonight in Memphis. + +00:34:11.076 --> 00:34:16.059 +In April, 1968, the MIT community mourned +the passing of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther + +00:34:16.059 --> 00:34:18.063 +King Jr. Classes were canceled. + +00:34:18.063 --> 00:34:21.018 +Commemorative art exhibits were +put on display around campus, + +00:34:21.037 --> 00:34:23.051 +and students took time +to reflect on their place. + +00:34:23.051 --> 00:34:24.043 +In a changing nation. + +00:34:24.053 --> 00:34:27.043 +The everyone's birthday would soon +become a designated institute holiday. + +00:34:27.066 --> 00:34:31.099 +Years before it was made, a federal holiday +celebrated annually with the March a + +00:34:31.099 --> 00:34:34.011 +guest speaker and other +memorial activities. + +00:34:39.035 --> 00:34:46.007 +Therefore, and beyond this, I think the +students of today are the sensitive edge of + +00:34:46.007 --> 00:34:52.027 +society that is pressing against the +dehumanizing elements of technocracy. + +00:34:53.003 --> 00:34:59.087 +Human personality and values have +been in a losing war with the impersonal + +00:34:59.087 --> 00:35:03.063 +operation of a rapidly +evolving complex society. + +00:35:05.003 --> 00:35:08.074 +We are a nation incomparable +in wealth and power, + +00:35:09.081 --> 00:35:13.011 +but impoverished spiritually +and psychologically. + +00:35:14.041 --> 00:35:20.074 +Our activities generate, uh, bewildering +array of material goods and no + +00:35:20.093 --> 00:35:21.078 +satisfactions. + +00:35:22.085 --> 00:35:28.007 +Our machines have grown so large +and we have become so small. + +00:35:29.052 --> 00:35:32.023 +We no longer asked for +what purpose they are made. + +00:35:32.093 --> 00:35:39.043 +I must confess that, uh, that dream that +I had that day has a minute points turned + +00:35:39.043 --> 00:35:40.055 +into a nightmare. + +00:35:41.013 --> 00:35:43.035 +Now, I'm not one to lose hope. + +00:35:43.045 --> 00:35:47.059 +I keep on hoping, uh, I still +have faith in the future, + +00:35:48.020 --> 00:35:51.099 +but I've had to analyze many +things over the last few years. + +00:35:51.099 --> 00:35:56.087 +And I would say over the last few months, +I've gone through a lot of soul such in + +00:35:56.087 --> 00:36:01.078 +agonizing moments, and I've come +to see that, uh, we have, uh, + +00:36:01.078 --> 00:36:03.063 +many more difficult days ahead. + +00:36:04.024 --> 00:36:08.047 +And some of the old optimism +was a little superficial, + +00:36:08.047 --> 00:36:11.066 +and now it must be tempered +with a solid realism. + +00:36:11.066 --> 00:36:16.099 +And I think the realistic fact is that +we still have a long, long way to go, + +00:36:17.073 --> 00:36:23.059 +and that we are involved +in a war on Asian soil, uh, + +00:36:23.059 --> 00:36:28.031 +which if not checked and stunt and +paused in the very soul of our nation. + +00:36:30.097 --> 00:36:34.083 +The sixties are marked by +this grave introspection. + +00:36:35.056 --> 00:36:37.018 +We were still high from World War ii. + +00:36:37.028 --> 00:36:38.078 +We had defeated evil. + +00:36:38.078 --> 00:36:42.043 +We had conquered the world, frankly, +with nothing but the power of our minds and + +00:36:42.043 --> 00:36:43.099 +hands and a shitload of money. + +00:36:44.070 --> 00:36:49.056 +But in the sixties, it was puzzling +as America's engineers to wake up to the + +00:36:49.056 --> 00:36:51.003 +consequences of our deeds. + +00:36:52.033 --> 00:36:56.099 +Tonight, report from Vietnam +by Walter Crown Kite. + +00:36:59.010 --> 00:37:03.028 +How could the Vietnamese communists have +mounted this offensive with such complete + +00:37:03.068 --> 00:37:06.008 +surprise? Well, let's take a look + +00:37:08.049 --> 00:37:09.084 +On the other side of the globe. + +00:37:09.093 --> 00:37:12.056 +The bloodshed Vietnam +showed no sign of ending. + +00:37:13.013 --> 00:37:17.052 +In January, 1968, the via con blew +back at US forces with the nude strength + +00:37:17.052 --> 00:37:24.024 +destroying any illusions of an imminent +American victory across the United States. + +00:37:24.039 --> 00:37:26.020 +Students hearts were set on fire. + +00:37:35.053 --> 00:37:40.091 +In the wake of the Ted Offensive, a special +visitor came to MIT at the behest of an + +00:37:40.091 --> 00:37:42.024 +undergrad named Michael Albert. + +00:37:42.064 --> 00:37:45.052 +19 year old Army Desert, Michael O'Connor +took refuge in the student centers, + +00:37:45.052 --> 00:37:46.064 +Las de Puerto Rico, + +00:37:49.016 --> 00:37:51.020 +Where the day show over + +00:37:52.022 --> 00:37:56.016 +Linguistics professor, no Chomsky, a +mentor of this burgeoning student movement + +00:37:56.023 --> 00:37:59.036 +warned Albert and others of the severe +consequence to hosting a desert. + +00:38:00.030 --> 00:38:02.032 +The military police were +in the pursuit of O'Connor, + +00:38:02.066 --> 00:38:04.028 +but the students wanted +to make a statement. + +00:38:05.030 --> 00:38:07.064 +Few dozen students camped +out on the with O'Connor, + +00:38:07.076 --> 00:38:09.091 +while the rest of campus +was mostly disinteresting, + +00:38:14.005 --> 00:38:16.016 +He +Don't want to beat. As each day went by, + +00:38:16.016 --> 00:38:17.099 +Michael Albert and company +spread awareness. + +00:38:19.023 --> 00:38:21.095 +Hundreds of students tripled +into las as the week progressed, + +00:38:21.095 --> 00:38:26.068 +putting rock concerts and press conferences, +all in support of the desert classes + +00:38:26.068 --> 00:38:27.052 +had to be canceled. + +00:38:31.063 --> 00:38:35.080 +They gathered at all hours of the day +to support O'Connor field reporters and fend + +00:38:35.080 --> 00:38:36.036 +off disruptors, + +00:38:37.023 --> 00:38:41.072 +Give up, give mad of violent civilization + +00:38:43.089 --> 00:38:44.024 +In + +00:38:44.030 --> 00:38:45.091 +Civilization, where I + +00:38:46.039 --> 00:38:50.028 +Eight days in federal agents arrested +Michael O'Connor while everyone would still, + +00:38:53.037 --> 00:38:53.537 +The + +00:38:57.068 --> 00:39:00.091 +Classes resumed and students +hunger for additional action. + +00:39:02.010 --> 00:39:04.070 +Yeah, I got the constitution on the run. + +00:39:06.048 --> 00:39:10.099 +Michael Albert started his career at +MIT as a physics major arriving on campus + +00:39:10.099 --> 00:39:12.083 +before the countercultural +event took over. + +00:39:13.082 --> 00:39:19.059 +I came back to mit and I looked +around, and it was quite a contrast. + +00:39:20.062 --> 00:39:23.070 +I saw gray walls as far as you could see. + +00:39:24.093 --> 00:39:30.024 +I saw faculty who would come in +and, and write textbooks on the wall. + +00:39:31.003 --> 00:39:35.037 +I saw an utter lack, a complete +absence of emotion. + +00:39:35.078 --> 00:39:37.081 +And then I began to understand why. + +00:39:38.024 --> 00:39:42.016 +It's because this place means +to produce a certain product. + +00:39:42.063 --> 00:39:49.097 +And the product is a very, a very well +trained, a very capable, a very brilliant, + +00:39:49.097 --> 00:39:56.049 +in many cases, scientist or engineer +who will solve any problem, any problem, + +00:39:57.070 --> 00:39:59.085 +so long as it's of some +interest and so long. + +00:40:02.067 --> 00:40:05.048 +Inflamed by the Vietnam War, +I would end a few others, + +00:40:05.048 --> 00:40:09.008 +dedicated their undergraduate careers +to browsing the notoriously apathetic student + +00:40:09.008 --> 00:40:14.028 +body. After helping the deserter, he joined +Students for Democratic Society or sds, + +00:40:14.059 --> 00:40:17.016 +a national student movement dedicated +to ending the war effort. + +00:40:22.037 --> 00:40:24.063 +The students were plenty +riled up at this point, + +00:40:25.005 --> 00:40:28.099 +but you also had movement on the +faculty side, like with Noam Chomsky, + +00:40:28.099 --> 00:40:34.027 +who finally enough was originally hired +by MIT to do research for the Cold War. + +00:40:38.002 --> 00:40:43.055 +Noam Chomsky started at MIT 15 years +before Michael Albert as he wrapped up his + +00:40:43.055 --> 00:40:44.083 +fellowship in linguistics at Harvard. + +00:40:44.092 --> 00:40:48.079 +He knew that a faculty position was +out of the question in Chomsky's words, + +00:40:48.081 --> 00:40:50.095 +you could cut the antisemitism +with a knife. + +00:40:51.072 --> 00:40:55.047 +So he ventured a few blocks south to +MIT's research laboratory of electronics. + +00:40:55.080 --> 00:40:59.083 +He heard that it's leader, Drew +Weisner was rather liberal. + +00:41:00.072 --> 00:41:03.015 +We a quickly offer Chomsky +research position. + +00:41:03.029 --> 00:41:08.031 +His managers assigned him to a DOD funded +project to automatically translate Soviet + +00:41:08.071 --> 00:41:10.035 +documents to English through +digital computing. + +00:41:13.086 --> 00:41:17.035 +What followed was a rapid sent through +the institute as he revolutionized + +00:41:17.035 --> 00:41:20.019 +theoretical linguistics and built +MIT's new linguistics department. + +00:41:20.045 --> 00:41:21.083 +How the brain, + +00:41:22.056 --> 00:41:26.027 +It became a known antiwar activist +shortly after the conflict in Vietnam was + +00:41:26.027 --> 00:41:27.031 +escalated by JFK + +00:41:27.052 --> 00:41:29.003 +On the faculty at mit. + +00:41:29.021 --> 00:41:33.083 +And I've been, uh, getting more and more +heavily involved in antiwar activities for + +00:41:33.083 --> 00:41:36.071 +the last few years. +Uh, beginning with, uh, + +00:41:37.021 --> 00:41:39.079 +the writing articles and +making speeches and, uh, + +00:41:39.079 --> 00:41:41.063 +speaking to congressmen +and that sort of thing, + +00:41:41.063 --> 00:41:45.059 +and gradually getting involved +more and more directly in, uh, + +00:41:45.059 --> 00:41:48.003 +resistance activities of various sorts. + +00:41:48.060 --> 00:41:52.043 +Uh, usually Mr. Chomsky writes +nonpolitical books, for instance, + +00:41:53.051 --> 00:42:00.067 +syntactic structures in 1957, +Cartesian Linguistics in 1966. + +00:42:00.076 --> 00:42:05.083 +He is a highly esteemed, a student of +modern language and linguistics who teaches + +00:42:05.083 --> 00:42:08.023 +nowadays at the Massachusetts +Institute of Technology. + +00:42:09.069 --> 00:42:15.075 +You say the war is simply an obscenity, +a depraved act by and miserable men, + +00:42:15.075 --> 00:42:20.043 +Including all of us, including myself, +including every, That's the next sense. + +00:42:20.043 --> 00:42:22.027 +This is the sense of theological +observation, isn't it? + +00:42:22.040 --> 00:42:23.011 +No, I don't + +00:42:23.011 --> 00:42:25.007 +Think so. Because if somebody points +out, if everybody's guilty of everything, + +00:42:25.007 --> 00:42:26.007 +then nobody's guilty of anything. + +00:42:26.008 --> 00:42:28.059 +No, +I, no, I don't, I don't believe that. + +00:42:28.061 --> 00:42:31.091 +See, I think that, I think the point +that I'm trying to make and I think ought to + +00:42:31.091 --> 00:42:35.003 +be made seems to me, +uh, a very, in a sense, + +00:42:35.003 --> 00:42:40.079 +terrifying aspect of our society is the +equanimity and the detachment with which + +00:42:41.042 --> 00:42:43.039 +sane, reasonable, sensible people. + +00:42:43.051 --> 00:42:45.031 +Mm-hmm. +can't observe that event. + +00:42:45.038 --> 00:42:50.035 +I think occasional Hitler or lame or other, +that crops up these people would not be + +00:42:50.035 --> 00:42:54.019 +able to operate. Were it not for +the, this apathy and equanimity. + +00:42:54.019 --> 00:42:56.027 +And therefore, I think +that it's in some sense, + +00:42:56.027 --> 00:43:00.040 +the sane and reasonable +tolerant people who should, + +00:43:00.098 --> 00:43:03.064 +who share a very serious burden of guilt. + +00:43:03.064 --> 00:43:07.004 +Why do they, why do these agricultural +interests authorize us to intervene in South + +00:43:07.004 --> 00:43:07.063 +Vietnam? + +00:43:07.063 --> 00:43:10.076 +They did. If you consider this, this +is because we didn't intervene on this is a + +00:43:10.084 --> 00:43:12.056 +critical dimension. No, I +say that in the Philippines. + +00:43:12.056 --> 00:43:13.052 +It was a critical look. + +00:43:13.052 --> 00:43:14.056 +The world is a complex place. + +00:43:14.058 --> 00:43:17.008 +I'm aware there are certain +interests that were involved. + +00:43:17.026 --> 00:43:21.060 +MIT is a complex, Well, there were certain +interests that were involved in, sorry. + +00:43:28.085 --> 00:43:32.056 +As America continued to wage war, Chomsky +spoke around the country and taught + +00:43:32.056 --> 00:43:35.088 +undergraduate courses on the US +Empire, many of which were attended by + +00:43:35.088 --> 00:43:38.000 +Michael Albert and other +future student articles. + +00:43:38.061 --> 00:43:42.036 +He acknowledged the irony of holding +such strong anti-war views as a professor at + +00:43:42.042 --> 00:43:45.056 +mit, but he understood the power +that its faculty and students had. + +00:43:45.070 --> 00:43:51.064 +The same can be said, I think, for the +club of academic intellectuals who under the + +00:43:51.093 --> 00:43:57.044 +liberal administrations of the 1960s +designed and implemented the Vietnam War. + +00:43:57.044 --> 00:44:01.084 +And the, uh, other similar, +those smaller actions. + +00:44:02.083 --> 00:44:07.052 +This particular community is a very relevant +one to consider at a place like mit + +00:44:07.052 --> 00:44:10.068 +because of course you're all free +to enter, enter this community. + +00:44:10.068 --> 00:44:12.096 +In fact, you're invited +and encouraged to enter it. + +00:44:13.041 --> 00:44:19.052 +Uh, the community of technical intelligencia and +weapons designers and counterinsurgency, + +00:44:19.065 --> 00:44:25.092 +experts and pragmatic planners of +an American empire is one that you have a + +00:44:25.092 --> 00:44:28.056 +great deal of inducement +to, uh, become associated + +00:44:28.056 --> 00:44:33.012 +With. Leonardo DaVinci, who visualized +man's flight 500 years ago, + +00:44:33.012 --> 00:44:35.064 +experienced the same fever when he wrote. + +00:44:36.018 --> 00:44:40.040 +But once you have tasted flight, +you will walk the earth with your eyes, + +00:44:40.059 --> 00:44:45.084 +turn skyward, for there you have +been and there you long to return. + +00:44:46.059 --> 00:44:49.064 +This is John Fitch, MIT Science Reporter. + +00:44:50.079 --> 00:44:51.096 +A semester passed + +00:44:51.096 --> 00:44:53.092 +since Connor's arrest, an anger fomented. + +00:44:57.099 --> 00:45:01.036 +I would follow a little pathway on +something like a TV screen in front of me. + +00:45:01.063 --> 00:45:04.039 +That, that, uh, would direct +me, right, left, or center. + +00:45:04.039 --> 00:45:09.059 +I could pull the commit switch on +my stick and the computer took over, uh, + +00:45:09.080 --> 00:45:12.063 +computer, figured out the ballistics, +the air speed, the, the slant range, + +00:45:12.063 --> 00:45:14.091 +and dropped the bombs when we +got to the appropriate point. + +00:45:14.091 --> 00:45:18.080 +So it was very much of a, +a technical expertise thing. + +00:45:22.024 --> 00:45:24.095 +Never could see the people, +you know, you never could see. + +00:45:26.015 --> 00:45:29.047 +Occasionally you saw the houses when +you were bombing around a village or bombing + +00:45:29.047 --> 00:45:33.039 +in a village. Uh, you know, +you never heard the explosion. + +00:45:33.039 --> 00:45:35.080 +You never, uh, saw any +blood or any screams. + +00:45:35.080 --> 00:45:36.059 +It was very clean. + +00:45:43.007 --> 00:45:46.051 +Students distrust towards MIT +as an organ of the state only grew, + +00:45:46.051 --> 00:45:49.051 +especially as they uncover the +institute's wartime projects. + +00:45:53.026 --> 00:45:57.039 +They revealed the Dock Draper iLabs creation +of an attack helicopter stabilizer, + +00:45:57.039 --> 00:46:00.047 +which allowed for sustained machine +gunfire while hovering in place. + +00:46:01.078 --> 00:46:06.088 +When we broke onto the airport where those +helicopters were and photographed them, + +00:46:07.011 --> 00:46:10.039 +came back with the photographs, we were +able to prove what we said all along, + +00:46:10.080 --> 00:46:14.088 +which was that the helicopters were gun +ships and that the stabilization process + +00:46:14.093 --> 00:46:20.011 +was to be able to shoot the peasants +and the fields in Vietnam more accurately. + +00:46:21.013 --> 00:46:26.095 +Uh, I predict that inertial principles +will be used in all the guidance systems of + +00:46:26.095 --> 00:46:31.091 +the future. Many improvements will occur, +but the inertial principles will be + +00:46:31.091 --> 00:46:32.095 +always with us. + +00:46:33.089 --> 00:46:37.051 +And I can't presume to predict +what the future is gonna hold, + +00:46:37.057 --> 00:46:40.059 +but I'm sure it's going to be +different from anything we imagine. + +00:46:40.082 --> 00:46:45.067 +I'm sure it's also going +to be much more extensive, + +00:46:45.078 --> 00:46:50.055 +and we're gonna do many more tricks than +anybody today imagines that we can do. + +00:46:50.089 --> 00:46:54.091 +And how we do this, I don't know, but +the human race is certainly gonna go out into + +00:46:54.091 --> 00:46:56.039 +the stars. I thank you very much + +00:47:03.061 --> 00:47:06.028 +For multiple independently +targetable reentry. + +00:47:06.028 --> 00:47:07.091 +Vehicle was also uncovered. + +00:47:08.068 --> 00:47:12.080 +It allowed a single ballistic missile +to deploy multiple nuclear war heads to many + +00:47:12.080 --> 00:47:17.003 +different targets, a boon for any nation +hoping to land a devastating first strike. + +00:47:27.092 --> 00:47:33.028 +On March 4th, 1969, students and faculty +canceled all classes in research so that + +00:47:33.028 --> 00:47:35.051 +the institute could reflect +on its role in the war machine. + +00:47:35.093 --> 00:47:38.028 +The action was known as +scientists strike for peace. + +00:47:38.064 --> 00:47:43.099 +Chomsky read his famous, the responsibility +of intellectuals and the student + +00:47:43.099 --> 00:47:45.011 +radicals took charge. + +00:47:45.065 --> 00:47:50.023 +The Union of Concerned Scientists was +also formed in their founding document. + +00:47:50.023 --> 00:47:55.055 +They warned the Stone Age may return +on the gleaming wings of science and what + +00:47:55.055 --> 00:47:59.059 +might now shower in measurable material +blessings upon mankind may even bring about + +00:47:59.059 --> 00:48:03.099 +its total destruction be where +I say time may be short. + +00:48:14.007 --> 00:48:17.091 +Elections for the undergraduate association +or UA were held shortly after the + +00:48:17.091 --> 00:48:20.059 +action founded in 1893. + +00:48:20.061 --> 00:48:23.043 +The role of the UA has always been +what the President makes of it. + +00:48:23.043 --> 00:48:27.091 +Sometimes its presence was barely felt, +and other times Michael Albert was in + +00:48:27.091 --> 00:48:33.084 +charge. Albert ran for UA president on +a sweeping platform, first and foremost, + +00:48:33.097 --> 00:48:35.091 +an end to all war research at mit. + +00:48:36.076 --> 00:48:39.055 +Additionally, an acceptance of +the Black suit union's demands, + +00:48:39.063 --> 00:48:43.003 +namely a vast increase in black undergraduate +admission and scholarships. + +00:48:43.068 --> 00:48:46.076 +He also promised a committee to alleviate +the housing crisis in Cambridge, + +00:48:46.076 --> 00:48:48.063 +which he blamed on MIT and Harvard + +00:48:50.044 --> 00:48:53.036 +In army of students put up +posters, handed out flyers, + +00:48:53.036 --> 00:48:54.091 +and campaigned across the dorms. + +00:48:56.080 --> 00:49:01.023 +After eight runoffs, Albert won as a +right RightIn candidate and has election + +00:49:01.023 --> 00:49:03.043 +achieved the highest voter +turnout in UA history. + +00:49:26.078 --> 00:49:28.072 +End it right now. + +00:49:34.024 --> 00:49:38.039 +If after all of this time and all of +this sacrifice and all of this support, + +00:49:38.059 --> 00:49:40.043 +there is still no end in sight. + +00:49:40.078 --> 00:49:45.011 +Then I say the time has come for the +American people to turn to new leadership, + +00:49:45.053 --> 00:49:48.015 +not tied to the policies +and mistakes of the past. + +00:49:50.078 --> 00:49:55.059 +I pledge to you, we shall have an +honorable end to the war in Vietnam + +00:49:56.098 --> 00:50:01.032 +This time. Vote like your +whole world depended on it. + +00:50:05.087 --> 00:50:11.029 +The fall semester of 1969 radicalized +even more students Nixon and promised to end + +00:50:11.029 --> 00:50:12.049 +the conflict upon his election. + +00:50:12.049 --> 00:50:14.025 +But there was no end to the war in sight. + +00:50:20.070 --> 00:50:24.053 +In October, over a hundred thousand +people gathered in the Boston Commons to + +00:50:24.053 --> 00:50:25.065 +protest the Vietnam War. + +00:50:27.031 --> 00:50:29.053 +1000 MIT students attended. + +00:50:36.016 --> 00:50:36.516 +What + +00:50:53.100 --> 00:50:56.088 +Student's perception of +MIT was at an all time low? + +00:50:58.006 --> 00:51:01.056 +The undergraduate student newspaper, +The Old Mole set a grim tone. + +00:51:04.002 --> 00:51:08.080 +MIT isn't a center for scientific +and social research to serve humanity. + +00:51:09.027 --> 00:51:11.032 +It's a part of the US war machine. + +00:51:12.100 --> 00:51:16.076 +MIT's purpose is to provide +research, consulting services, + +00:51:16.076 --> 00:51:20.056 +and train personnel for the US government +and the major corporations, + +00:51:22.004 --> 00:51:26.096 +research services and personnel, which +enable them to maintain their control over + +00:51:26.096 --> 00:51:28.024 +the people of the world. + +00:51:31.022 --> 00:51:36.048 +The November action coalitions campaign +was directed against MIT as an institution + +00:51:37.005 --> 00:51:38.100 +against its central purpose. + +00:51:50.062 --> 00:51:52.036 +The peak of unrest came in November. + +00:51:52.082 --> 00:51:57.004 +The November actions were a weeklong +series of sit-ins, pickets and protests. + +00:51:58.087 --> 00:52:02.084 +Protesters no longer wanted to pause, +were related research, but to disrupt it, + +00:52:02.084 --> 00:52:04.076 +The brother, you got +all wrong about the war. + +00:52:04.076 --> 00:52:08.064 +Brother. The North Vietnamese tropes +didn't enter South Vietnam and didn't start + +00:52:08.067 --> 00:52:10.024 +Taking apart the war until + +00:52:10.024 --> 00:52:11.012 +They were bombed. + +00:52:11.012 --> 00:52:13.064 +Look, we're getting, telling +me something about Vietnam. + +00:52:13.070 --> 00:52:16.072 +All the relevancies, North +Vietnam was bombed, right? + +00:52:17.020 --> 00:52:19.084 +Right. Wasn't a lot of +countries were bombed. + +00:52:19.084 --> 00:52:21.016 +Of course, a lot countries were bombed. + +00:52:21.016 --> 00:52:22.060 +You think it's right? Think it's right. + +00:52:22.060 --> 00:52:25.088 +All, all those mothers and children +getting a bombed think it's right. + +00:52:26.023 --> 00:52:28.032 +What happened Way, What +happened in way that's + +00:52:29.011 --> 00:52:30.072 +Protecting? +That's the kind what + +00:52:30.084 --> 00:52:32.004 +Happened. Look at, look at facts all. + +00:52:32.004 --> 00:52:35.052 +But what happened when the National +Liberation Front, your heroes liberated. + +00:52:35.064 --> 00:52:37.036 +Liberated the city of way. + +00:52:37.055 --> 00:52:38.060 +Okay. Yeah. + +00:52:38.063 --> 00:52:39.084 +What? I don't need sign. + +00:52:40.007 --> 00:52:41.016 +I don't need a sign. + +00:52:41.022 --> 00:52:44.020 +You don't need it. What happened in +the city of way when they liberated it, + +00:52:45.003 --> 00:52:48.052 +they literally dug mass execution +grave and executed people, right? + +00:52:49.066 --> 00:52:50.064 +Yes. I know if I'm back. + +00:52:50.064 --> 00:52:52.052 +Cause I was there doing +a 10 offensive friend. + +00:52:52.052 --> 00:52:52.552 +Yes. + +00:52:53.036 --> 00:52:54.064 +Everybody here reminds + +00:52:56.051 --> 00:52:59.088 +They staged a sit-in, in MIT's +Center for International Studies, + +00:53:00.039 --> 00:53:03.073 +a CIA funded department whose lead +researchers helped develop torture and + +00:53:03.089 --> 00:53:05.025 +assassination programs in Vietnam. + +00:53:07.072 --> 00:53:08.021 +Your + +00:53:09.065 --> 00:53:10.045 +Attention, + +00:53:12.028 --> 00:53:22.057 +I must that a restraining order issued +by the Superior Court and the of course of + +00:53:22.077 --> 00:53:27.033 +violence on the campus in any professionals, +buildings or facilities, + +00:53:27.033 --> 00:53:32.097 +or in any corridor, stairways and entrances +there too or elsewhere on the Silk + +00:53:32.097 --> 00:53:39.033 +Massachusetts Institute of Technology +premises in such manner as to disrupt or + +00:53:39.033 --> 00:53:44.029 +interfere with normal functions conducted +by the set Massachusetts Institute of + +00:53:44.029 --> 00:53:52.005 +Technology in such place, or to block +or hinder access to or egress from any of + +00:53:52.005 --> 00:53:56.025 +such properties by set Massachusetts +Institute of Technology, faculty, + +00:53:57.011 --> 00:54:00.029 +administrators, students, employees. + +00:54:02.040 --> 00:54:04.069 +I think I have a responsibility +to see what happens. + +00:54:07.028 --> 00:54:08.053 +Please leave this area. + +00:54:09.008 --> 00:54:10.089 +Please leave this area now. + +00:54:10.089 --> 00:54:14.097 +Please better stay the the way + +00:54:45.053 --> 00:54:49.077 +Later. Over 300 students blocked off +the infinite corridor preventing students, + +00:54:49.077 --> 00:54:51.097 +professors, and members of +the administration from working + +00:55:00.031 --> 00:55:01.041 +Get the fuck out. + +00:55:02.065 --> 00:55:03.057 +Obstructed from his office. + +00:55:03.057 --> 00:55:06.093 +Provost Jerome Wener confronted the +articles and argued with them for hours. + +00:55:09.055 --> 00:55:11.093 +MIT President Howard Johnson +was nowhere to be found + +00:55:18.056 --> 00:55:22.037 +when MIT president Howard Johnson +had an atypical background. + +00:55:22.066 --> 00:55:26.037 +He served in an administrative role in +World War II and assisted in the rebuilding + +00:55:26.037 --> 00:55:31.005 +of France. Johnson came home to study +economics at the University of Chicago where + +00:55:31.005 --> 00:55:32.013 +he later became a lecturer. + +00:55:32.046 --> 00:55:36.037 +He went on to become a professor at MIT's +Sloan School of Management and became its + +00:55:36.037 --> 00:55:37.049 +dean in 1959. + +00:55:37.069 --> 00:55:41.033 +After seven years as Dean, he was +appointed the 12th president of mit. + +00:55:45.034 --> 00:55:47.057 +He always smiled when +students called him Hoja. + +00:55:54.024 --> 00:55:58.081 +George Kakis was about to begin his sophomore +year at MIT when his mother sent a + +00:55:58.081 --> 00:56:00.016 +letter to President Howard Johnson. + +00:56:02.063 --> 00:56:06.009 +The terms of his parents' divorce left +him without the funds to continue attending + +00:56:06.019 --> 00:56:10.037 +mit. His father was a career soldier, +and George planned to follow in his + +00:56:10.057 --> 00:56:17.085 +footsteps. Knowing Johnson's military +background, George's mother begged for + +00:56:17.085 --> 00:56:21.057 +compassion. The letter worked. + +00:56:21.096 --> 00:56:26.001 +Hojo granted Georgia Presidential Scholarship +covering all of his expenses and the + +00:56:26.001 --> 00:56:27.037 +two quickly became personal friends. + +00:56:28.039 --> 00:56:31.077 +One day the president even offered George +right across campus in his personal + +00:56:31.077 --> 00:56:32.025 +limousine. + +00:56:35.008 --> 00:56:39.037 +Around the March 4th protests, President +Johnson set up the Pounds Commission to + +00:56:39.049 --> 00:56:43.073 +consider the future of MIT's controversial +war labs, Draper's Instrumentation Lab, + +00:56:43.087 --> 00:56:45.029 +and the Lincoln Laboratories. + +00:56:47.086 --> 00:56:52.025 +He asked George to be the only undergraduate +representative serving alongside Nobel + +00:56:52.025 --> 00:56:57.073 +Laureates Institute professors, and eventually +Noam Chomsky Hojo begged Chomsky to + +00:56:57.073 --> 00:57:01.009 +join the commission, knowing it could +give the radicals a sense that their voice + +00:57:01.009 --> 00:57:04.073 +was represented as part +of the Pounds commission. + +00:57:04.073 --> 00:57:08.085 +George toward the war labs visited the +Pentagon and met with multiple senators. + +00:57:19.034 --> 00:57:22.025 +As he became more informed, +he became outraged + +00:57:41.045 --> 00:57:42.009 +Murderer. + +00:57:43.052 --> 00:57:46.017 +George teamed up with Michael +Albert and the other articles, + +00:57:46.017 --> 00:57:49.009 +and he joined the Rosa Luxenberg +chapter of the sds. + +00:57:51.028 --> 00:57:54.081 +Around the time of the November actions, +George and the other radical articles + +00:57:54.081 --> 00:57:58.057 +stormed in MIT corporation meeting +signs in hand and chance echoing down the + +00:57:58.073 --> 00:58:03.053 +infinite corridor. At the helm of +the boardroom, sat Howard Johnson, + +00:58:04.068 --> 00:58:05.089 +a shouting match erupted. + +00:58:05.089 --> 00:58:10.033 +Former MIT presidents and esteemed alumni +sat in shocked and hojo slowly walked + +00:58:10.033 --> 00:58:10.565 +towards +The door. + +00:58:16.070 --> 00:58:18.013 +He whispered into George's ear + +00:58:18.066 --> 00:58:19.053 +It two. + +00:58:39.002 --> 00:58:40.072 +MIT had lost its patients. + +00:58:40.090 --> 00:58:45.052 +Immediately after the November actions, +a disciplinary committee was formed to + +00:58:45.052 --> 00:58:47.040 +judge the behavior of +the radical students. + +00:58:47.053 --> 00:58:51.008 +Provost Weisner promised Michael +Albert that he was safe, + +00:58:51.074 --> 00:58:55.080 +but President Johnson made it +clear that his days were numbered. + +00:59:00.072 --> 00:59:04.025 +A few days before Christmas, the committee +charged Michael Albert with active + +00:59:04.057 --> 00:59:06.081 +participation in a demonstration +in which violence was present. + +00:59:08.011 --> 00:59:11.085 +The demonstration was a stage interruption +of a general electric recruiting event. + +00:59:28.064 --> 00:59:32.041 +Students for Democratic Society was +tearing itself apart and the national + +00:59:32.041 --> 00:59:34.097 +organization fractured into +increasingly violent variants. + +00:59:35.014 --> 00:59:35.049 +We + +00:59:35.049 --> 00:59:39.081 +Protested, but then we began to realize +that if we really thought those values were + +00:59:39.081 --> 00:59:42.073 +important, that they weren't +gonna come about in the society. + +00:59:42.088 --> 00:59:44.033 +Just by protesting + +00:59:55.098 --> 00:59:57.093 +Protest of Albert's band from campus. + +00:59:58.019 --> 00:59:59.097 +The remnants of MIT's sds. + +01:00:02.007 --> 01:00:06.086 +In a rage, George and three other members +took a battering ram and broke down the + +01:00:06.086 --> 01:00:11.042 +door to President Johnson's +office for a hundred students. + +01:00:11.042 --> 01:00:15.070 +Poured in leaving Provost Wener standing +outside of the occupied territory to plead + +01:00:15.070 --> 01:00:31.051 +with the belligerent. MIT +came down with an iron fist. + +01:00:31.088 --> 01:00:35.086 +The administration pressed charges against +Kaia Feas and two others for disruption + +01:00:35.086 --> 01:00:36.026 +of classes. + +01:00:38.005 --> 01:00:38.066 +George + +01:00:38.066 --> 01:00:41.094 +Was sentenced to state prison +and he earned his degree from mit. + +01:00:41.094 --> 01:00:46.014 +While in solitary confinement, the wardens +frequently threatened to send him to + +01:00:46.014 --> 01:00:50.003 +Bridgewater, a neighboring mental institution +for the criminally insane known for + +01:00:50.003 --> 01:00:51.042 +its vi mistreatment of patients. + +01:00:55.067 --> 01:00:56.003 +As + +01:00:56.003 --> 01:01:00.046 +The protest waned and the radicals broke +off, compromised was eventually achieved. + +01:01:02.014 --> 01:01:06.026 +MIT never canceled any wartime research, +but access to the Lincoln Laboratories was + +01:01:06.026 --> 01:01:07.074 +restricted from the rest of the institute + +01:01:11.064 --> 01:01:15.018 +and Draper's instrumentation that +I was renamed and moved off campus + +01:01:21.066 --> 01:01:30.026 +Store sinking the she by. + +01:01:33.013 --> 01:01:33.513 +Look, + +01:01:34.034 --> 01:01:39.090 +I have an additional, one small additional +question or moral remark to you that is, + +01:01:39.090 --> 01:01:44.059 +that you wish you were very courageous +attitude to towards the war in Vietnam. + +01:01:44.084 --> 01:01:51.007 +How can you survive in an institution +like mit, which is known here as one of the + +01:01:51.007 --> 01:01:55.082 +great war contractors and intellectual, +uh, makers of this war? + +01:01:56.019 --> 01:01:57.066 +Uh, there are two aspects to that. + +01:01:57.066 --> 01:02:01.074 +One is the question how +I'm, how MIT tolerates me. + +01:02:01.074 --> 01:02:06.070 +And the other question is how I tolerate +mit well as to how MIT tolerates me. + +01:02:07.015 --> 01:02:10.042 +Uh, here again, I think one +shouldn't be overly schematic. + +01:02:10.093 --> 01:02:15.059 +It's true that MIT is a major +institution of war research, + +01:02:16.024 --> 01:02:21.051 +but it's also true that it embodies +very important libertarian values, + +01:02:22.007 --> 01:02:26.018 +which are I think, quite deeply +embedded in American society. + +01:02:26.018 --> 01:02:31.026 +Fortunately for the world, they're +not deeply embedded enough to save the + +01:02:31.026 --> 01:02:35.038 +Vietnamese, but they're deeply enough +embedded to prevent far worse, + +01:02:35.038 --> 01:02:36.047 +worse disasters. + +01:02:36.047 --> 01:02:38.026 +And here I think one has +to be a bit qualified. + +01:02:38.082 --> 01:02:42.055 +That is there is imperial +terror and aggression. + +01:02:42.055 --> 01:02:47.011 +There is exploitation, there is +racism, lots of things like that. + +01:02:47.011 --> 01:02:54.070 +But there's also, uh, a real concern coexisting +with it for individual rights of a + +01:02:54.070 --> 01:02:56.098 +sort, which for example, are +embodied in the Bill of Rights, + +01:02:57.003 --> 01:03:00.030 +which is by no means simply an +expression of class oppression. + +01:03:01.003 --> 01:03:04.047 +It is also an expression of +the necessity to defend the, + +01:03:04.047 --> 01:03:06.018 +in the individual against state power. + +01:03:07.044 --> 01:03:10.074 +Now these things coexist, you +know, it's not that simple. + +01:03:10.074 --> 01:03:13.089 +It's not just all bad +or all good, and uh, + +01:03:13.089 --> 01:03:18.086 +it's because it's the particular balance +in which they coexist that makes it, uh, + +01:03:18.086 --> 01:03:22.086 +that makes an institute that produces +weapons of war be willing to tolerate. + +01:03:23.007 --> 01:03:27.022 +Uh, in fact, you know, in many ways, +even encouraged to be quite honest, uh, + +01:03:27.022 --> 01:03:29.045 +a person who's involved in civil +disobedience against the war, + +01:03:31.045 --> 01:03:32.057 +Inter collegially. + +01:03:32.057 --> 01:03:38.038 +We've got over 20 teams, I think cross +country, soccer, baseball, basketball, + +01:03:39.005 --> 01:03:43.013 +track squash, Oh, and a +whole bunch of other ones. + +01:03:45.089 --> 01:03:48.001 +Do a lot of students +participate in sports + +01:03:50.026 --> 01:03:52.024 +intercollegiate and intermurals combined. + +01:03:52.024 --> 01:03:55.040 +There's over 3000 students that +participate in athletics and mit. + +01:03:58.038 --> 01:04:02.001 +So you think athletic is a +major part of the life at mit? + +01:04:03.084 --> 01:04:07.078 +Not really. Damn, I screwed that up. + +01:04:09.016 --> 01:04:10.089 +What does MIT mean to you? + +01:04:12.003 --> 01:04:13.013 +That's a good question. + +01:04:14.048 --> 01:04:15.039 +It mean to me. Yeah. + +01:04:17.055 --> 01:04:18.067 +Should, you should give people + +01:04:18.067 --> 01:04:19.080 +What? Half an hour for that one. + +01:04:19.080 --> 01:04:23.076 +Really, Institute has changed quite +a bit since I've been here for four years, + +01:04:23.097 --> 01:04:27.095 +but trying to change student government, +there's been a flurry of political + +01:04:28.028 --> 01:04:31.063 +activity now over, and I'd be interested +to see what goes on for the next four + +01:04:31.063 --> 01:04:31.563 +years. + +01:04:32.032 --> 01:04:32.532 +Uh, + +01:04:34.055 --> 01:04:37.059 +Well, originally I came here because +I thought I wanted to be an engineer. + +01:04:38.017 --> 01:04:42.063 +And, uh, I, I like has +made me wonder, you know, + +01:04:42.063 --> 01:04:47.015 +many times whether I made the right +choice and I'm still not quite sure + +01:04:47.051 --> 01:04:49.099 +It's, uh, everything I wanted and more + +01:04:51.014 --> 01:04:51.063 +It's + +01:04:51.063 --> 01:04:58.048 +Music and art and lots of science and +math, a lot of interesting people and, uh, + +01:04:59.043 --> 01:05:00.063 +sports and. + +01:05:01.024 --> 01:05:02.037 +It's a tremendous place. + +01:05:02.037 --> 01:05:05.057 +Better than I expected, +and I expected the best. + +01:05:11.063 --> 01:05:17.041 +I'm happy with the, uh, department, mainly +for the kind of access to the professors + +01:05:17.041 --> 01:05:18.069 +that you have there. + +01:05:19.069 --> 01:05:26.061 +Personal opinion, unsubstantiated by +flag is that it's the best place to learn + +01:05:26.061 --> 01:06:51.025 +things like a balloon, a balloon, uh, +pink balloon, beautiful pink balloon. + +01:06:51.079 --> 01:06:55.013 +The grooviest grooviest thing, +just watching it up there. + +01:06:55.013 --> 01:06:56.061 +Coming right down at you. + +01:06:57.007 --> 01:07:05.013 +Yes, there's, I hardly anything +around here is typical. + +01:07:40.063 --> 01:07:45.016 +Counterculture has become such an integral +aspect of the MIT ecosystem that on + +01:07:45.016 --> 01:07:47.013 +campus it can barely be considered +to counterculture. + +01:07:47.099 --> 01:07:51.061 +And anywhere there are impressionable +young minds exercising their freedom and + +01:07:51.061 --> 01:07:53.001 +rebuilding against centralized authority. + +01:07:53.041 --> 01:08:02.013 +There are also drugs, lots of drugs, +an astounding amount of drugs. + +01:08:03.006 --> 01:08:07.037 +By the 1970s, MIT had already earned +a national reputation for its connection to + +01:08:07.037 --> 01:08:13.016 +hallucinogens. According to the fbi, +somewhere between 10 and 90% of the LSD used + +01:08:13.016 --> 01:08:15.061 +in the northeast United +States was produced at mit, + +01:08:15.087 --> 01:08:20.073 +specifically in the iconic Bexley house, +a dormitory directly across the street + +01:08:20.073 --> 01:08:21.081 +from MIT's front door. + +01:08:23.035 --> 01:08:27.016 +The head of house at Bexley was Professor +Jerome let fit who served in the role + +01:08:27.016 --> 01:08:30.073 +alongside his wife Maggie, a +noted writer and TV fitness guru, + +01:08:30.073 --> 01:08:33.013 +famous for her show on Boston's wgbh. + +01:08:33.023 --> 01:08:34.081 +I'm +Still here to lose this flag. + +01:08:35.099 --> 01:08:38.077 +I'm here because I've got +a bad back and a young wife. + +01:08:39.074 --> 01:08:41.024 +I'm in here to lose my tummy. + +01:08:41.078 --> 01:08:43.077 +The title, Short time, +I'm here to lose my belly. + +01:08:44.019 --> 01:08:45.061 +I'd like to wear a size 12. + +01:08:47.052 --> 01:08:50.053 +Most people think you look for +your lifeline and your hands, + +01:08:50.053 --> 01:08:51.069 +but that's not where you look. + +01:08:51.082 --> 01:08:52.061 +You look here + +01:09:03.086 --> 01:09:08.045 +As Besley's Head of House Professor Lettvin +was well known for his views on lsd. + +01:09:09.098 --> 01:09:14.073 +On May 3rd, 1967, Professor Lettvin +debated disgrace psychologist and former + +01:09:14.073 --> 01:09:19.086 +Harvard professor Timothy Leary, +the original representative for mit, + +01:09:19.086 --> 01:09:21.059 +backed out of the debate +at the last minute. + +01:09:21.080 --> 01:09:24.099 +So Lettvin in the middle of +a fog dissection in building 20, + +01:09:25.002 --> 01:09:27.027 +jumped into the debate +with zero preparation. + +01:09:35.093 --> 01:09:38.094 +One evening this spring, as part +of a student run lecture series, + +01:09:39.005 --> 01:09:43.039 +two men died for the souls of students +who packed MIT's Kresge Auditorium. + +01:09:43.057 --> 01:09:47.023 +They were Dr. Timothy Leary, founder +of the League for Spiritual Discovery, + +01:09:47.023 --> 01:09:52.070 +which advocates LSD as a religious sacrament +and MIT professor, Jerome Lettvin, + +01:09:52.070 --> 01:09:54.099 +who thinks of Dr. Leary +as an agent of the devil. + +01:09:55.040 --> 01:10:00.015 +Timothy Leary began experiments with +LSD as a lecturer in psychology of Harvard. + +01:10:00.036 --> 01:10:02.078 +Harvard dismissed him in 1963. + +01:10:03.027 --> 01:10:06.078 +He is now out on a $30,000 bond +for possession of marijuana. + +01:10:07.013 --> 01:10:08.070 +You're not just a college student. + +01:10:09.088 --> 01:10:13.054 +You are not just 22 +or 23 or 24 years old. + +01:10:13.054 --> 01:10:15.082 +You're 2 billion years old. + +01:10:17.008 --> 01:10:18.014 +Had you forgotten that? + +01:10:19.061 --> 01:10:23.050 +Matter of fact, what can you remind +you, um, where you came from? + +01:10:24.066 --> 01:10:28.086 +Remember, you spent nine months in +a watery medium, the first nine months, + +01:10:29.021 --> 01:10:31.010 +this trip on this planet. + +01:10:32.002 --> 01:10:32.502 +Remember all that swashing? + +01:10:36.056 --> 01:10:38.038 +Now, could we have the +lights out now, please? + +01:10:41.056 --> 01:10:43.002 +Now, fire is dangerous. + +01:10:43.073 --> 01:10:47.050 +Fire can kill, fire, can burn destroy. + +01:10:47.087 --> 01:10:50.018 +As a matter of fact, the +first fell invented fire. + +01:10:50.018 --> 01:10:51.070 +Prometheus got in a lot of trouble. + +01:10:51.070 --> 01:10:53.002 +The FDA got in Washington. + +01:10:53.042 --> 01:10:57.036 +Remember, uh, they said, Wait a minute. + +01:10:57.036 --> 01:11:00.044 +They're going too fast. Maybe +we're not ready for a fire. + +01:11:01.005 --> 01:11:04.020 +As a matter of fact, that's a question +that often occurs to many of us these days. + +01:11:04.032 --> 01:11:10.004 +Maybe man isn't ready for powerful chemicals +like L s D and the many new ones that + +01:11:10.004 --> 01:11:16.088 +are coming. Maybe man's little mind isn't +ready at this moment in evolution to deal + +01:11:16.088 --> 01:11:20.056 +with too much, too fast +in the way of reality. + +01:11:22.035 --> 01:11:24.092 +Fire is, uh, danger. + +01:11:25.028 --> 01:11:26.068 +Maybe we should pass a law against it. + +01:11:27.083 --> 01:11:29.004 +What are we gonna do about it? + +01:11:29.086 --> 01:11:32.052 +How we gonna keep people from burning +themselves up and hurting themselves and + +01:11:32.052 --> 01:11:33.044 +killing themselves with fire? + +01:11:33.047 --> 01:11:39.008 +Well, we gotta start training our kids +from the time they can listen to us. + +01:11:39.036 --> 01:11:44.028 +Don't you know that the real, real +goal of a scientist is to flip out? + +01:11:44.080 --> 01:11:45.076 +Don't you know that? + +01:11:46.022 --> 01:11:50.040 +Had you forgotten or you thought that +the role of a scientist was to build bigger + +01:11:50.040 --> 01:11:54.008 +and bigger stage sets for the +television show we got going here? + +01:11:54.051 --> 01:12:00.020 +Yeah. Uh, we had a big road running from +the Copson Roberts game here to the Cowboy + +01:12:00.020 --> 01:12:01.024 +Indian Show over there. + +01:12:01.086 --> 01:12:05.076 +And your engineers are supposed to build +them so that we can go faster and faster, + +01:12:05.098 --> 01:12:08.092 +and father and father from television +show to television show. + +01:12:09.026 --> 01:12:10.024 +But, um, + +01:12:13.062 --> 01:12:17.013 +If you take science seriously, and if +you take the history of science seriously, + +01:12:17.013 --> 01:12:23.081 +you'll realize that every great scientist +wasn't in it for the TV show commercial + +01:12:23.081 --> 01:12:27.049 +payoff. Now, the message +I have is an old one. + +01:12:27.049 --> 01:12:31.073 +It's the simplest and most classic message +that even passed on in world history. + +01:12:31.076 --> 01:12:38.093 +It's, uh, those six words drop out, +turn on, then come back and tune it in. + +01:12:39.011 --> 01:12:41.005 +Now, I'm sorry. I mean, +I didn't invent this. + +01:12:41.007 --> 01:12:42.089 +I'm just reading the lines +that were given to me. + +01:12:42.092 --> 01:12:44.073 +You've got to drop out. + +01:12:46.007 --> 01:12:49.009 +Now. Um, there's a lot +said about, uh, education. + +01:12:49.016 --> 01:12:51.013 +Well, you've got to +finish your education. + +01:12:52.008 --> 01:12:59.001 +When I hear that said, uh, I, uh, shutter +and my cells shrink because I'm sorry to + +01:12:59.001 --> 01:13:02.074 +say this, and I say this with great love +and great affection because I'm part of + +01:13:02.074 --> 01:13:04.058 +this whole institution the way I'm going. + +01:13:04.060 --> 01:13:09.094 +But the education system at the present +time of the United States does neurological + +01:13:09.094 --> 01:13:15.054 +damage to the nervous system and +functions as a narcotic addictive drug. + +01:13:19.052 --> 01:13:23.050 +You the younger generation in +particular, have got to drop out. + +01:13:23.056 --> 01:13:25.038 +And by dropout, I mean all the way. + +01:13:25.040 --> 01:13:26.034 +You can't vote. + +01:13:26.034 --> 01:13:27.054 +I urge you not to politic. + +01:13:27.062 --> 01:13:28.054 +Don't pick it. + +01:13:28.054 --> 01:13:36.018 +Don't get involved in any of these menopausal +mind gains because it doesn't make + +01:13:36.044 --> 01:13:37.030 +any difference. + +01:13:38.018 --> 01:13:41.058 +Remember, 1962, we voted for +a peace candidate , + +01:13:42.008 --> 01:13:43.054 +and you think it makes a difference. + +01:13:45.045 --> 01:13:47.094 +I think it's time to stop, drop out. + +01:13:50.012 --> 01:13:50.512 +Thank you. + +01:13:57.087 --> 01:14:02.028 +When Dr. Timothy Leary, the high priest +of the league for spiritual discovery, + +01:14:02.088 --> 01:14:05.076 +finished speaking, Dr. Jerome +Lettvin took the floor. + +01:14:06.049 --> 01:14:10.076 +Dr. Lettvin was senior psychiatrist +at the Man State Hospital in Illinois. + +01:14:11.021 --> 01:14:16.008 +He is now professor of Communications +Physiology in the departments of biology and + +01:14:16.036 --> 01:14:18.004 +electrical engineering at mit. + +01:14:18.053 --> 01:14:21.024 +He also lectures in the +humanities department. + +01:14:22.001 --> 01:14:27.016 +Dr. Lettvin, who has three teenage children, +is known at MIT as a man students can + +01:14:27.016 --> 01:14:27.516 +talk to. + +01:14:28.042 --> 01:14:38.034 +Now, Tim, your argument is exceedingly +seductive and in the main, + +01:14:38.057 --> 01:14:44.098 +I must admit that I find the press, uh, + +01:14:44.098 --> 01:14:50.082 +middle age and middle class enormously +powerful here in Cambridge. + +01:14:51.053 --> 01:14:53.014 +Irritating is all hell. + +01:14:55.004 --> 01:15:00.042 +The horri part is that I too sit in +front of TV sets, feel myself slumping, + +01:15:00.052 --> 01:15:01.074 +pay the taxes. + +01:15:03.076 --> 01:15:07.030 +But the problem is whether +the naval really replaces tv. + +01:15:09.009 --> 01:15:11.018 +I mean, you sitting +in front of your naval, + +01:15:15.028 --> 01:15:20.054 +you sitting in front of your naval +strike, strike me as being, in a sense, + +01:15:21.009 --> 01:15:23.022 +very little better off in a first. + +01:15:23.078 --> 01:15:27.010 +Let's put it this way, no surprises +are likely to come about + +01:15:27.066 --> 01:15:27.566 +, + +01:15:30.028 --> 01:15:33.018 +And you aren't even beguiled +by good commercials. + +01:15:37.040 --> 01:15:42.006 +Nevertheless, I think that we must +take your thesis extremely seriously, + +01:15:42.080 --> 01:15:49.026 +and I will not do you the dishonor of +either attacking you on scientific rounds + +01:15:49.026 --> 01:15:54.018 +because the question as is very +obvious, is not scientific but moral. + +01:15:55.038 --> 01:16:01.074 +Therefore, for this reason, I would like +to confine my remarks strictly to the Es. + +01:16:01.074 --> 01:16:03.018 +Turn that damn thing off. + +01:16:12.015 --> 01:16:17.036 +I would like to confine my remarks strictly +to the Es technological questions + +01:16:17.068 --> 01:16:22.068 +involved. By that, I mean simply questions +of what constitute good and evil. + +01:16:23.062 --> 01:16:28.016 +But I feel somehow or another that +this man is in the hands of the devil. + +01:16:29.027 --> 01:16:37.084 +That is to say he is in a private hell +of a curious and somewhat Satan devising to + +01:16:37.084 --> 01:16:45.008 +look at this man sitting there with +the smile, this sup smile, ecstatic smile. + +01:16:46.007 --> 01:16:47.004 +I feel sick. + +01:16:47.059 --> 01:16:49.044 +I don't feel that I want to trade. + +01:16:49.067 --> 01:16:51.044 +I feel sick for him. + +01:16:52.046 --> 01:16:59.016 +And I ask of you, how many +would trade he assures you. + +01:16:59.025 --> 01:17:03.044 +He is in the utmost ecstasy +when you can get to him. + +01:17:03.092 --> 01:17:06.020 +Otherwise, he's in that ecstasy. + +01:17:06.090 --> 01:17:09.064 +Why would not any of you trade? + +01:17:11.054 --> 01:17:15.016 +Let us take another trade that +has been offered in the past. + +01:17:16.090 --> 01:17:19.096 +You and I lived through +the period of lobotomies. + +01:17:20.070 --> 01:17:23.028 +You walk into the office, +I don't like my mama. + +01:17:23.031 --> 01:17:27.032 +They lift your up, you know, +slash slash and you go out. + +01:17:27.032 --> 01:17:28.016 +It doesn't matter. + +01:17:29.006 --> 01:17:34.044 +You see, you have traded for, +it doesn't matter, a hunk of brain. + +01:17:34.044 --> 01:17:37.096 +After all brain tissue, as he tells +you, you're losing so much of it. + +01:17:37.096 --> 01:17:38.084 +What's a little bit more? + +01:17:41.063 --> 01:17:42.024 +Really? + +01:17:44.005 --> 01:17:46.024 +No, Here you trade it. + +01:17:46.094 --> 01:17:53.044 +How many of you would take a lobotomy +given the guarantee that thereafter you don't + +01:17:53.063 --> 01:17:57.076 +care? You come in saying, +I don't want to care. + +01:17:57.076 --> 01:17:59.092 +Everything is bothering +the hell out of me. + +01:18:00.075 --> 01:18:03.012 +Everything is bothering +the hell out of me. + +01:18:03.051 --> 01:18:05.012 +I wanna stop caring. + +01:18:05.063 --> 01:18:06.072 +I wanna be happy. + +01:18:07.090 --> 01:18:10.040 +And so he takes, you know, bang, bang. + +01:18:12.033 --> 01:18:13.092 +Is this a trade you would make? + +01:18:14.074 --> 01:18:17.040 +You are selling off the no functions. + +01:18:17.095 --> 01:18:24.064 +You're selling off exactly those functions +which have set you aside critically in + +01:18:25.004 --> 01:18:26.064 +every possible way. + +01:18:26.071 --> 01:18:27.080 +You're abrogating. + +01:18:28.027 --> 01:18:33.036 +You're dissolving these henceforth +suspended judgment for a while. + +01:18:34.023 --> 01:18:41.008 +I know a set of physicists who took a +while ago in group because they're curious + +01:18:41.008 --> 01:18:43.040 +people. All physicists +are curious people. + +01:18:44.011 --> 01:18:46.020 +That is, I mean, they're +not curious to look at. + +01:18:46.020 --> 01:18:46.520 +They are. + +01:18:52.058 --> 01:18:56.003 +They took in a group of +about five or six of them, + +01:18:56.046 --> 01:19:01.058 +They took some silo Sabin on the recipe, +gotten from the telephone number here in + +01:19:01.058 --> 01:19:04.074 +Cambridge that you're supposed +to call to get that recipe . + +01:19:06.000 --> 01:19:10.038 +And having taken it, they got +violently sick the first day, + +01:19:11.024 --> 01:19:14.022 +and every one of them for +three months thereafter, + +01:19:14.076 --> 01:19:20.002 +was incapable of doing any theoretical +work on all behavioral counts. + +01:19:20.002 --> 01:19:27.006 +The same but clearly apparent +in their higher critical functions. + +01:19:27.012 --> 01:19:33.034 +And you pay for the vision of +yourself by the loss of judgment. + +01:19:33.084 --> 01:19:38.002 +You pay for getting out +by the loss of judgment. + +01:19:38.056 --> 01:19:44.050 +You pay for whatever visions you get +by this loss in judgment and the loss in + +01:19:44.070 --> 01:19:47.046 +judgment that stays and stays. + +01:19:48.044 --> 01:19:50.066 +Now you might say, How do I know this? + +01:19:50.066 --> 01:19:51.086 +Have I ever taken it? + +01:19:52.000 --> 01:19:53.050 +Huh? No. + +01:19:54.060 --> 01:19:57.030 +And I haven't taken it +for a rather simple reason. + +01:20:00.004 --> 01:20:04.024 +Seems to be a little bit +big, a little steep to pay. + +01:20:05.038 --> 01:20:09.072 +I'm giving the devil my judgment, +my soul, my intellect. + +01:20:09.072 --> 01:20:13.076 +All of the things I've +worked for, for this kick. + +01:20:14.039 --> 01:20:15.088 +Like an infomania. + +01:20:15.090 --> 01:20:18.076 +Not like an erotic person, +but like an infomania. + +01:20:19.099 --> 01:20:22.068 +Does anybody here envy the infomania? + +01:20:23.072 --> 01:20:26.088 +After all, there she is +having orgasm after orgasm. + +01:20:26.088 --> 01:20:30.020 +Wonderful. All day long without a star. + +01:20:31.092 --> 01:20:33.076 +Beautiful, terrific. + +01:20:34.086 --> 01:20:36.068 +And anybody envy her? + +01:20:37.075 --> 01:20:39.040 +Does anybody envy? + +01:20:39.070 --> 01:20:45.040 +Why? Because you didn't envy that guy +who was sitting in the state hospital either. + +01:20:46.018 --> 01:20:53.024 +The kick is cheap, the ecstasy is cheap, +and you are settling for a second rate, + +01:20:53.024 --> 01:20:57.056 +permanent second rate world by the +complete aggregation of the intellect. + +01:20:57.089 --> 01:21:02.016 +In the old days, if it wasn't done by +lobotomy, it was done by psychoanalysis. + +01:21:02.042 --> 01:21:03.072 +Now it's done by drugs. + +01:21:05.011 --> 01:21:06.084 +I can find in myself. + +01:21:08.013 --> 01:21:10.008 +No joy in such an outlook. + +01:21:22.030 --> 01:21:23.052 +I'm David Brinkley. + +01:21:23.070 --> 01:21:29.064 +NBC News, Kent State University in Ohio +has had campus violence for three nights + +01:21:29.065 --> 01:21:32.000 +causing the National +Guard to be called in. + +01:21:32.018 --> 01:21:36.052 +And today the Guardsman opened fire +on the students killing four of them, + +01:21:36.054 --> 01:21:38.060 +two young men and two young women. + +01:21:38.088 --> 01:21:41.048 +Three were shot in the +chest and one in the head. + +01:21:41.078 --> 01:21:45.044 +The students were protesting +the American invasion of Cambodia, + +01:22:30.062 --> 01:22:50.020 +The to see goodbye. + +01:22:50.083 --> 01:22:55.028 +Four months after the incursion on President +Johnson's home countercultural icon, + +01:22:55.028 --> 01:22:58.072 +the Grateful Dad visited campus for an +impromptu concert and celebration of the + +01:22:58.084 --> 01:23:03.036 +November. The rock band performed on the +steps of the student center in front of a + +01:23:03.036 --> 01:23:06.092 +massive crowd. But heavy rains cut +the event short after only a half hour. + +01:23:07.055 --> 01:23:11.056 +Undeterred, the band returned the next +day and performed in the DuPont Gymnasium. + +01:23:12.026 --> 01:23:16.012 +The Epic show lasted for hours with +the Grateful Dead performing 52 songs. + +01:23:23.057 --> 01:23:23.557 +My + +01:23:42.037 --> 01:23:47.024 +Ho Joe's resignation in 1971 marked the +shortest tenure of any president in MIT's + +01:23:47.024 --> 01:23:52.016 +history. Covo Jerome Wener was appointed +his successor despite being seven years + +01:23:52.016 --> 01:23:52.516 +old. + +01:23:54.002 --> 01:23:56.068 +And may your administration be memorable? + +01:24:02.028 --> 01:24:07.033 +Jerome Wiesner was an electrical engineer +who began his MIT career in 1942 at the + +01:24:07.033 --> 01:24:10.053 +radiation laboratory before moving with +many of his colleagues to Los Alamos. + +01:24:11.037 --> 01:24:15.049 +After World War ii, he returned to campus +as a professor of electrical engineering, + +01:24:15.049 --> 01:24:19.009 +eventually becoming the director of +the Research Laboratory of electronics. + +01:24:19.058 --> 01:24:23.061 +He famously said that getting an education +from MIT is like taking a drink from a + +01:24:23.061 --> 01:24:24.001 +fire hose, + +01:24:25.014 --> 01:24:26.001 +Dr. Wesner. + +01:24:26.001 --> 01:24:29.097 +But what really worries me today is what's +gonna happen to us if machines can think + +01:24:30.003 --> 01:24:35.029 +and what interests me specifically is +can they, Well, that's very hard question, + +01:24:35.029 --> 01:24:36.061 +answer if you'd ask me that question. + +01:24:36.061 --> 01:24:39.061 +Just a few years ago, I'd have +said it was very farfetched today. + +01:24:39.061 --> 01:24:41.069 +I just have to admit, +I don't really know. + +01:24:41.092 --> 01:24:45.053 +I suspect if you come back in four or +five years, I'll say, sure, they really do. + +01:24:46.032 --> 01:24:47.057 +Well if you're confused. + +01:24:47.057 --> 01:24:48.065 +Doctor, how do you think I feel? + +01:24:50.002 --> 01:24:54.037 +We also had an impressive KU in Washington +during Eisenhower's administration. + +01:24:54.066 --> 01:24:57.045 +He advocated heavily to close +the missile gap with the Soviets. + +01:24:57.073 --> 01:24:59.059 +But became a voice of +restraint with Kennedy. + +01:25:00.032 --> 01:25:03.035 +He argued against man space missions +because of their extreme danger. + +01:25:03.065 --> 01:25:06.087 +And he warned frequently +of nuclear holocaust. + +01:25:08.044 --> 01:25:11.087 +He returned to MIT to become Dean +of the School of Science, then provost, + +01:25:12.026 --> 01:25:13.019 +then president. + +01:25:15.015 --> 01:25:16.027 +Exciting and challenging. + +01:25:16.027 --> 01:25:18.071 +But doesn't it worry? + +01:25:19.050 --> 01:25:23.091 +Well, sure it worries me, but you know, +the problems posed by the computer are + +01:25:23.091 --> 01:25:27.027 +really no different than the problems +we have with other products of technology. + +01:25:27.074 --> 01:25:31.051 +It's gonna take a great deal of wisdom +on our part to manage them, but if we do, + +01:25:31.080 --> 01:25:33.079 +we are going to make a much better world. + +01:25:34.087 --> 01:25:36.007 +Thank you, Dr. We + +01:25:36.078 --> 01:25:40.007 +Reason, as presidency created +a more well-rounded education, + +01:25:42.084 --> 01:25:46.079 +he established the Council for the Arts +at MIT and created the Ness Student Art + +01:25:46.079 --> 01:25:56.007 +Gallery. He also expanded the scope +of sha, the School of Humanities, + +01:25:56.007 --> 01:26:21.071 +Arts and Social Sciences to west part, +Notable for his enthusiasm for student life + +01:26:21.097 --> 01:26:24.059 +and was often seen around campus +engaging with the student body. + +01:26:24.093 --> 01:26:28.003 +You don't have to actually go out +and ask every student, you know, + +01:26:28.003 --> 01:26:29.031 +what's your opinion on this issue? + +01:26:29.041 --> 01:26:32.027 +Lot of 'em aren't gonna have opinions +on any random issue that you pick, + +01:26:32.027 --> 01:26:35.047 +but you've gotta at least say, We are +about to make a decision on this kind of + +01:26:35.047 --> 01:26:38.023 +thing. Anybody who's interested, +you know, please submit comments. + +01:26:38.037 --> 01:26:42.035 +Now, three years ago, this institute +went to a big decision of should we have a + +01:26:42.035 --> 01:26:45.003 +medical school? I didn't know about it. + +01:26:45.003 --> 01:26:48.019 +I've been here five years +and all the time I was here, + +01:26:48.019 --> 01:26:51.051 +nobody even suggested that we were +going through that kind of a discussion. + +01:26:52.013 --> 01:26:54.015 +Why not? Why weren't + +01:26:54.015 --> 01:26:54.099 +Students? Do you wanna know? + +01:26:54.099 --> 01:27:01.015 +Why not? Yeah. If we had to answer in +four days and because we had, you know, + +01:27:01.015 --> 01:27:06.003 +it was obvious that we couldn't afford +to, Did it make a lot of sense to have a big + +01:27:06.043 --> 01:27:07.067 +exercise and frustration? + +01:27:07.078 --> 01:27:10.063 +Should we or shouldn't we have a medical +school that we didn't have the a hundred + +01:27:10.063 --> 01:27:12.011 +million that was gonna take the bill? + +01:27:12.049 --> 01:27:16.051 +The only way we could say yes is if +we could find somebody who would match the + +01:27:16.051 --> 01:27:20.003 +government money with a +promise of 50 million cash. + +01:27:21.041 --> 01:27:26.019 +And Dr. Killian and I said, +Let's try and then we can, + +01:27:26.057 --> 01:27:30.027 +and we hit five people +that we knew, or x people, + +01:27:30.030 --> 01:27:31.095 +I don't know how many +we finally talked to, + +01:27:31.095 --> 01:27:36.091 +but someone we couldn't even reach who +we thought were interested enough in medical + +01:27:36.091 --> 01:27:41.019 +schools, mit, and a whole thing to +see whether anyone was willing, you know, + +01:27:41.019 --> 01:27:41.519 +to say Sure. + +01:27:42.055 --> 01:27:42.555 +. + +01:27:43.081 --> 01:27:45.091 +And, and nobody did. + +01:27:46.090 --> 01:27:50.051 +This was five days after Howard +became president of this institution. + +01:27:51.029 --> 01:27:56.023 +Six months before we had been totaling +up the bill on what we thought it was. + +01:27:56.024 --> 01:28:00.039 +We were gonna have to raise to do the +things we thought already had to be done to + +01:28:00.039 --> 01:28:03.043 +keep the promises that had been made, +like dormitories and new buildings. + +01:28:03.043 --> 01:28:06.047 +And so, and that came to 200 +million that we didn't have. + +01:28:07.005 --> 01:28:13.015 +You know, And I don't see why that kind +of a decision has to be put to a popular + +01:28:13.015 --> 01:28:14.079 +referendum. And in fact, I don't think + +01:28:14.079 --> 01:28:16.035 +It has to be put to popular referendum. + +01:28:16.035 --> 01:28:18.067 +I think you just have to say +that, that you're making it. + +01:28:18.067 --> 01:28:22.039 +So that made, who + +01:28:22.039 --> 01:28:25.059 +Knows, One of the students might have +known somebody with 50 million in his + +01:28:25.059 --> 01:28:26.011 +Pocket. + +01:28:28.050 --> 01:28:29.027 +That's all. + +01:28:51.031 --> 01:28:52.051 +Hello? Yes sir. + +01:28:52.051 --> 01:28:55.071 +This cap, cap on that thing +on I'm gonna do is, you know, + +01:28:55.071 --> 01:28:57.087 +we're gonna do it now two +months from now, but yes. + +01:28:58.056 --> 01:29:02.063 +Uh, I hope you, uh, realize +how strongly I feel about that. + +01:29:02.063 --> 01:29:04.055 +Oh, I do. Yes. And I +hope you agree with it. + +01:29:04.055 --> 01:29:09.003 +Now, the point that I wanna make, however, +is that I think your figure for MIT has + +01:29:09.003 --> 01:29:10.031 +gotta be low. Let me explain. + +01:29:10.031 --> 01:29:16.003 +Mm-hmm. , we're putting over +500 million a year into that damned, uh, + +01:29:16.099 --> 01:29:18.027 +National Science Foundation. + +01:29:18.045 --> 01:29:21.063 +Yes. You know, isn't that true for +the whole, for the whole foundation? + +01:29:21.063 --> 01:29:23.023 +I think that's just right. + +01:29:23.023 --> 01:29:26.075 +But that's all, all of that +money goes to basic research. + +01:29:26.075 --> 01:29:30.039 +In other words, none of that's +for laser be, or, Right. + +01:29:30.048 --> 01:29:34.039 +No, that's right. The the, what I wanna +do is to take that and cut that to a + +01:29:34.039 --> 01:29:37.059 +hundred million. That's, but that +is not just one institution, sir. + +01:29:37.059 --> 01:29:38.083 +I know it is. I know it isn't. + +01:29:38.083 --> 01:29:41.031 +But I understand MIT gets +a hell of a chunk of that. + +01:29:41.031 --> 01:29:45.071 +They get as closely as we can +figure approximately 40 then, + +01:29:45.071 --> 01:29:46.095 +then why can't we cut that? + +01:29:46.095 --> 01:29:49.035 +Well, that's, that, that was, +that was the area we, Well, + +01:29:49.035 --> 01:29:51.079 +but he said there was only +31 million that could. + +01:29:51.093 --> 01:29:57.044 +Be cut. And uh, and, and my point is that +if they get 40 million from the National + +01:29:57.044 --> 01:29:58.099 +Science Foundation, we just cut it out. + +01:29:58.099 --> 01:29:59.095 +Mm-hmm. . Mm-hmm. + +01:29:59.099 --> 01:30:02.091 +. You see my point? Because +that's all subsidy of teacher salaries. + +01:30:02.091 --> 01:30:06.080 +Yeah. But you know, I'm thinking +of a 50, 60% cut, you know, for all. + +01:30:06.080 --> 01:30:08.064 +We've gotta have an austerity +budget next year. + +01:30:08.064 --> 01:30:10.023 +Yeah. And this is an opportunity mm-hmm. + +01:30:10.027 --> 01:30:13.091 + because higher education +is way, way over subsidized. + +01:30:13.091 --> 01:30:14.084 +They've gotten fat. + +01:30:14.084 --> 01:30:18.035 +Yeah. And, uh, frankly, uh, I just +think we ought to bust them hard. + +01:30:18.035 --> 01:30:20.095 +Well, we we're gonna have to +find plenty of areas to do it. + +01:30:20.095 --> 01:30:22.064 +And this is a, uh, perfectly good way. + +01:30:22.064 --> 01:30:25.064 +Well, education generally, you know, +is an area that you've gotta dig into. + +01:30:25.064 --> 01:30:27.088 +Yeah. But anyway, you +can see what I mean. + +01:30:27.088 --> 01:30:29.060 +You can't knock down the university. + +01:30:29.060 --> 01:30:31.076 +You, California is uh mm-hmm. + +01:30:31.099 --> 01:30:34.052 +Lab for whatever the hell they're +doing and this and that. + +01:30:34.057 --> 01:30:37.048 +But what I mean is that when we're +in the piddly wing stuff mm-hmm. + +01:30:37.052 --> 01:30:42.044 + like, uh, oh, you know, +uh, I think some of this transportation and + +01:30:42.044 --> 01:30:43.068 +environment stuff is Yeah. + +01:30:43.068 --> 01:30:48.015 +Where it's, but you know, I want a +ruthless examination of it and we'll just + +01:30:48.015 --> 01:30:49.007 +tighten them all up. + +01:30:49.007 --> 01:30:51.019 +Mm-hmm. and +not renew the contracts. + +01:30:51.019 --> 01:30:53.003 +Yeah. Well it's right. + +01:30:53.006 --> 01:30:56.056 +And we'll just go right after these +people and knock their brains off. + +01:30:56.065 --> 01:30:58.084 +Now, I've been trying +to do this for years. + +01:30:58.084 --> 01:30:59.007 +You + +01:30:59.007 --> 01:30:59.507 +Know, + +01:31:02.065 --> 01:31:05.076 +The Nixon administration made significant +changes to the federal budget, + +01:31:05.091 --> 01:31:09.031 +including a 10% reduction +of NASA funding in 1971. + +01:31:09.044 --> 01:31:13.095 +After four successful moon +landings, a year later, + +01:31:14.027 --> 01:31:16.060 +humans would stand on the +moon for the last time. + +01:31:21.069 --> 01:31:24.091 +The final Apollo mission launched a +few months after the Watergate scandal, + +01:31:25.011 --> 01:31:27.068 +which marks at the beginning +of the end of the presidency. + +01:31:29.070 --> 01:31:33.015 +Former US President Henry +Truman died in 1972. + +01:31:33.034 --> 01:31:38.011 +And Linda B. Johnson followed in 1973, +meaning that at the time of Nixon's + +01:31:38.011 --> 01:31:41.056 +resignation a year later, there +remains no living US presidents, + +01:31:49.093 --> 01:31:52.077 +among the evidence used against +Nixon West's enemy's list, + +01:31:52.089 --> 01:31:56.009 +which named political opponents deemed +a threat to the Nixon administration. + +01:31:58.002 --> 01:32:01.040 +MIT had more names on this list +than any other single organization, + +01:32:01.040 --> 01:32:04.009 +including Professor +Chomsky and President. + +01:32:14.010 --> 01:32:15.048 +I'm not satisfied with that. + +01:32:22.048 --> 01:32:34.093 +Subsidized they get + +01:33:16.027 --> 01:33:21.066 +By the late 1970s social tension still +pervaded Boston as attempts to alleviate + +01:33:21.066 --> 01:33:22.082 +disparities continued. + +01:33:24.085 --> 01:33:26.014 +It's cheering them a pat. + +01:33:26.014 --> 01:33:27.023 +I'm not for this. + +01:33:27.023 --> 01:33:28.010 +I don't care. + +01:33:28.015 --> 01:33:31.066 +My one will not go to school, +but it's chairman path. + +01:33:31.081 --> 01:33:32.010 +I + +01:33:32.010 --> 01:33:35.006 +Wouldn't care if they were green or purple +with the idea of putting my kid on a bus + +01:33:35.006 --> 01:33:37.047 +when I have a school right across +the street and where they should go. + +01:33:37.049 --> 01:33:38.074 +I don't care what color they are. + +01:33:38.074 --> 01:33:40.031 +All +They want is a seat in this school. + +01:33:40.056 --> 01:33:41.055 +Nothing else. + +01:33:41.060 --> 01:33:52.066 +Let us go to our neighborhood if I, you + +01:33:55.052 --> 01:33:59.078 +And why we was in school that was throwing +glass at black peoples and little kids. + +01:34:00.002 --> 01:34:02.043 +What's with +This again? Ride the clap. + +01:34:03.061 --> 01:34:06.002 +I think it's gonna be all +right if everybody comes. + +01:34:06.010 --> 01:34:09.082 +Stop being scared cuz Shoot, I don't +think there's nothing to be scared of. + +01:34:11.023 --> 01:34:11.523 +Um, + +01:34:13.098 --> 01:34:20.039 +We're, we're for you for believing +the dreams come true. + +01:34:21.010 --> 01:34:22.002 +We're for + +01:34:22.077 --> 01:34:23.039 +Paying + +01:34:23.039 --> 01:34:26.090 +The bills and working the bills for you. + +01:34:27.035 --> 01:34:33.063 +We're for hope, for learning +to cope, for kissing the, + +01:34:59.060 --> 01:35:01.090 +The world outside of Cambridge +was rapidly changing. + +01:35:02.013 --> 01:35:02.513 +The + +01:35:14.057 --> 01:35:18.098 +Students faced increasing financial +challenges as MIT felt the pressures of a + +01:35:18.098 --> 01:35:30.016 +global recession and the economy at +large faced profound de-industrialization. + +01:35:41.057 --> 01:35:42.085 +It was the end of an era. + +01:36:08.038 --> 01:36:08.538 +Ooh. + +01:36:10.010 --> 01:36:12.052 +Things are going get easier. + +01:36:13.098 --> 01:36:27.072 +Ooh. Chow things get brighter +things, things buy. + +01:36:31.078 --> 01:36:49.015 +Yeah. Put and get when the world is much. + +01:39:08.099 --> 01:39:15.066 +Thank you. I moved to recall +the days of World War II when, uh, + +01:39:15.066 --> 01:39:20.070 +loosely n but intense community of science +and technology spanned the Atlantic + +01:39:21.023 --> 01:39:24.086 +between the British on the one hand, +and the Americans on the other side. + +01:39:26.010 --> 01:39:30.063 +Thousands of persons earnestly +engaged in waging that terrible war. + +01:39:31.007 --> 01:39:36.002 +Anxious for the best ideas and the +best criticism on how the weapons of war, + +01:39:36.002 --> 01:39:40.027 +the new weapons, the radar, the aircraft, +all those things which arose at that time + +01:39:40.047 --> 01:39:43.039 +could be used in the search +for the precious victory. + +01:39:45.024 --> 01:39:50.031 +Our power to shape is a +power for good and for evil. + +01:39:50.031 --> 01:39:54.066 +There is no more obvious comment +that I could make than that. + +01:39:55.018 --> 01:39:58.031 +What our power for shaping +means seems to me. + +01:39:58.031 --> 01:39:59.078 +It's double, It implies. + +01:40:00.000 --> 01:40:02.024 +Responsibility for those forms we make. + +01:40:03.038 --> 01:40:08.096 +And since we can shape the world and +can sometimes shape it well, it implies, + +01:40:08.099 --> 01:40:14.084 +I believe, most firmly hope as well for +the forms we can make in the landscape. + +01:40:54.042 --> 01:40:58.099 +When you're saying that, that you're +putting some sort of blame on me, that no. + +01:40:59.093 --> 01:41:00.055 +But then what + +01:41:01.021 --> 01:41:04.039 +Off a spectacular fire, +two workers are dead. + +01:41:04.039 --> 01:41:06.003 +And here's ABC's Charles Murphy. + +01:41:12.044 --> 01:41:16.091 +In the 1980s, the United States government +imposed significant austerity measures, + +01:41:16.098 --> 01:41:20.067 +slashing the federal budget +across all non-essential sectors. + +01:41:40.010 --> 01:41:44.039 +Across the country, research laboratories +and university students looked for news + +01:41:44.039 --> 01:41:45.083 +sources to fill the funding gap. + +01:41:48.024 --> 01:41:51.027 +Private corporations stood +ready to seize the opportunity. + +01:41:55.060 --> 01:41:59.015 +Private companies rapidly expanded +their financial ties to MIT, + +01:41:59.038 --> 01:42:04.027 +offering scholarships to students funding +for professorships and heavily investing + +01:42:04.027 --> 01:42:05.095 +in cooperative projects +with the institute. + +01:42:12.006 --> 01:42:15.067 +This new status quo was embodied +most iconically by the Media Lab + +01:42:17.092 --> 01:42:23.059 +founded 1985 by architect Nicholas Negroponte +and former MIT president Jerome + +01:42:23.059 --> 01:42:28.011 +Weisner. The Media Lab proposed a completely +new model for scientific research and + +01:42:28.011 --> 01:42:28.511 +funding. + +01:42:29.081 --> 01:42:34.075 +The media laboratory at Massachusetts +Institute of is a center for Advanced study + +01:42:34.075 --> 01:42:38.067 +and research. More specifically, the +Media Laboratory is a place where the + +01:42:38.067 --> 01:42:43.031 +invention of new means of communication +is tied to their innovative use. + +01:42:44.084 --> 01:42:48.059 +Instead of competing for public and +private dollars on a per project basis, + +01:42:48.081 --> 01:42:53.003 +the media lab allowed corporations and +government agencies to subscribe to general + +01:42:53.039 --> 01:42:58.019 +research themes. These subscribers +commonly referred to as member companies, + +01:42:58.034 --> 01:43:02.000 +received access to the media, lab's, +human capital, and intellectual property + +01:43:03.008 --> 01:43:04.088 +Designed by I Pay and Partners. + +01:43:04.098 --> 01:43:09.004 +The building was officially +dedicated October 2nd, 1985. + +01:43:10.083 --> 01:43:14.036 +It's equipped with the world's most +sophisticated computing equipment, + +01:43:14.036 --> 01:43:20.020 +including a supercomputer for +mainframes, 60 AI workstations, + +01:43:20.054 --> 01:43:26.056 +and over 300 personal computers for the +production and recognition of all forms of + +01:43:26.056 --> 01:43:27.072 +sound and pictures. + +01:43:30.016 --> 01:43:33.060 +Fundraising is an essential function +of any research lab and marketing is the + +01:43:33.060 --> 01:43:34.048 +engine of fundraising. + +01:43:34.094 --> 01:43:39.056 +But unlike most labs with successful +marketing means publishing papers and + +01:43:39.056 --> 01:43:44.032 +releasing data, the media lab affected +a more our inspiring technique about + +01:43:44.032 --> 01:43:47.028 +The protocols. Yeah, looks +like I'm free this afternoon. + +01:43:47.028 --> 01:43:48.020 +Let's see if he has time. + +01:43:48.095 --> 01:43:51.008 +When can I meet with +Walter This afternoon + +01:43:51.059 --> 01:43:53.080 +With room? Do you want +to meet this afternoon + +01:43:54.031 --> 01:43:54.531 +Walter + +01:43:56.009 --> 01:43:57.016 +Meeting with Walter. + +01:43:57.016 --> 01:44:03.048 +Scheduled today at one, getting +a call from Barry Hi, + +01:44:04.005 --> 01:44:08.064 +In which Media Lab demos captivated +audiences securing press coverage and + +01:44:08.064 --> 01:44:14.020 +attracting investors. Some of the work +at the Media Lab was farfetched and never + +01:44:14.040 --> 01:44:21.067 +intended to have any real impact, but +a number of projects propel digital computing + +01:44:21.067 --> 01:44:22.031 +into the future. + +01:44:29.040 --> 01:44:34.037 +A hundred years ago, I don't think anybody +would've said that machine intelligence + +01:44:34.037 --> 01:44:38.033 +was inevitable or even possible, +but something happened. + +01:44:38.058 --> 01:44:43.073 +Uh, around the turn of the century, it +was discovered that machines could do more + +01:44:43.073 --> 01:44:44.089 +than anyone had dreamed. + +01:44:44.089 --> 01:44:47.057 +It was implicit in the work +of some mathematicians. + +01:44:48.027 --> 01:44:54.037 +And then, uh, the great magician Girdle +discovered that it was possible for a + +01:44:54.037 --> 01:44:58.065 +machine to represent itself, +represent its own workings and. + +01:44:59.053 --> 01:45:04.006 +That was the first glimmering of the +idea that a machine could simulate another + +01:45:04.006 --> 01:45:05.054 +machine or simulate itself. + +01:45:06.000 --> 01:45:12.014 +The idea that a machine was an infinite +source of variations, uh, is a new idea. + +01:45:13.002 --> 01:45:16.036 +And, uh, so I think it +is a new step in evolution. + +01:45:16.036 --> 01:45:20.020 +There's never been anything +like it or an idea like that. + +01:45:20.030 --> 01:45:24.068 +You see, until that point people thought +that each machine did a certain thing, + +01:45:24.068 --> 01:45:28.012 +and that if you wanted something done, +you would have to build a machine to do + +01:45:28.012 --> 01:45:29.048 +that, and that's all it could do. + +01:45:29.086 --> 01:45:33.008 +But this discovery in the +1930s changed our view. + +01:45:33.033 --> 01:45:36.008 +It was discovered that if you +made the right kind of machine, + +01:45:36.014 --> 01:45:40.012 +and that's what a computer is, +it in a sense could do anything. + +01:46:10.080 --> 01:46:16.003 +In 1983, MIT and IBM entered into a hundred +million partnership to create Project + +01:46:16.006 --> 01:46:16.506 +Athena. + +01:46:18.008 --> 01:46:18.078 +Project + +01:46:18.078 --> 01:46:23.087 +Athena is a pioneering experiment in +education at the Massachusetts Institute of + +01:46:23.087 --> 01:46:29.087 +Technology. Its overall goal is to find +out how the latest computer communications + +01:46:29.087 --> 01:46:34.047 +and graphics technologies can enhance +all phases of the learning process. + +01:46:35.061 --> 01:46:41.091 +The basic tool of Project Athena is a +campus-wide network of over 2,500 computer + +01:46:41.091 --> 01:46:47.047 +workstations now being installed, this +system will help students and teachers not + +01:46:47.047 --> 01:46:52.043 +only create innovative educational +software, but also to share programs, + +01:46:52.064 --> 01:46:57.047 +to exchange data, and to communicate +with greater ease than ever before. + +01:46:58.029 --> 01:47:01.083 +The project led to the development of +countless new computer system technologies. + +01:47:02.034 --> 01:47:03.059 +It's graphical interface. + +01:47:03.091 --> 01:47:07.099 +Protocol X is used in virtually every +personal computer, even to this day, + +01:47:09.085 --> 01:47:13.043 +and its open source license can be +found in millions of software projects. + +01:47:18.091 --> 01:47:23.035 +These algorithms and protocols became +critical components of a nationwide project. + +01:47:23.082 --> 01:47:28.007 +A network composed of previously isolated +military and university systems. + +01:47:28.087 --> 01:47:38.039 +Researchers were calling +the project internet Project. + +01:47:38.042 --> 01:47:42.091 +Athena changed the face of MIT's campus +and the working lives of MIT students. + +01:47:43.028 --> 01:47:47.079 +Whether they were in a dormitory or +in the student center or in a lab in the + +01:47:47.079 --> 01:47:51.079 +tunnels beneath the concrete, students +could sign into any Athena machine and + +01:47:51.079 --> 01:47:52.087 +access all their files. + +01:47:52.087 --> 01:47:56.067 +Instantly. They could email +professors, take classes, + +01:47:56.082 --> 01:48:01.026 +send direct messages to friends, and access +millions of books and journal articles. + +01:48:13.051 --> 01:48:17.030 +Of course, even with new technology +to help make academic life easier, + +01:48:17.033 --> 01:48:19.054 +students couldn't study all the time. + +01:48:46.039 --> 01:48:49.066 +Doesn't get much above the top +of the, the driver's building, + +01:48:49.066 --> 01:48:51.086 +but you get a good view of the +cord and all the activity here. + +01:48:52.013 --> 01:48:53.082 +This is aur. + +01:49:29.085 --> 01:49:33.062 +Students were finding it increasingly +difficult to prioritize anything other than + +01:49:33.062 --> 01:49:43.054 +school work. As a result, traditions +and student organizations were struggling. + +01:49:45.024 --> 01:49:54.002 +The undergraduate association, the +UA was disintegrated in February of 1983. + +01:49:54.016 --> 01:49:58.070 +The UA held its general assembly in annual +meeting that all members are expected to + +01:49:58.070 --> 01:50:03.058 +attend. The president forgot to show up. + +01:50:03.092 --> 01:50:05.074 +And so did over 100 others. + +01:50:07.035 --> 01:50:10.002 +In total, seven assembly +members attended the meeting. + +01:50:54.047 --> 01:50:57.060 +Students were developing a more +serious approach to academic life, + +01:50:57.082 --> 01:50:59.024 +and they felt like they had to. + +01:50:59.069 --> 01:51:01.004 +Tuition was sky high. + +01:51:01.024 --> 01:51:03.092 +Their futures were full +of questions, not promises. + +01:51:04.057 --> 01:51:08.068 +In response, many students chased after +the high paying jobs of the new economy + +01:51:11.071 --> 01:51:13.056 +with a deregulated Wall Street. + +01:51:14.006 --> 01:51:19.092 +MIT students saw opportunity in high finance +as meritocracy surpassed nepotism jobs + +01:51:19.092 --> 01:51:21.092 +that Morgan Stanley were +no longer limited to. + +01:51:21.092 --> 01:51:23.020 +Legacy Harvard graduates. + +01:51:24.022 --> 01:51:25.056 +MIT students could compete. + +01:51:36.046 --> 01:51:41.020 +The war contractors and government agencies +that protestors denounced in the 1960s + +01:51:41.020 --> 01:51:42.012 +was still intact. + +01:51:46.015 --> 01:51:50.068 +What they now had to compete with these +high paying firms for MIT's most valuable + +01:51:50.092 --> 01:51:51.012 +resource, + +01:52:06.063 --> 01:52:07.068 +More technology. + +01:52:30.084 --> 01:52:37.011 +In January, 1978, NASA screened 8,000 +applications to choose 35 individuals for + +01:52:37.011 --> 01:52:38.007 +astronaut. Group eight. + +01:52:38.095 --> 01:52:42.071 +Group eight was the first class of scientists +astronauts chosen in more than 10 + +01:52:42.071 --> 01:52:48.063 +years. The proceeding class had been +formed in 1967 when Apollo missions were + +01:52:48.063 --> 01:52:51.027 +failing and the future of +NASA was in serious question. + +01:52:53.002 --> 01:52:53.087 +Throughout + +01:52:53.087 --> 01:52:58.007 +The 1970s, there were actually too +many trained astronauts waiting for the + +01:52:58.007 --> 01:52:59.039 +opportunity to fly in space. + +01:53:01.008 --> 01:53:03.078 +An opportunity that was +becoming increasingly there. + +01:53:14.031 --> 01:53:18.038 +In the 1980s, the dream of becoming +a space fairing people was reborn. + +01:53:19.062 --> 01:53:20.086 +Beautiful, beautiful. + +01:53:21.030 --> 01:53:21.086 +Route + +01:53:21.086 --> 01:53:26.002 +Eight was a trailblazing class of accomplished +scientists and pilots intended to + +01:53:26.002 --> 01:53:28.058 +launch NASA into a new +era of space exploration. + +01:53:30.028 --> 01:53:33.022 +The group included the +first six women astronauts, + +01:53:33.040 --> 01:53:37.030 +the first three African American astronauts, +and the first Asian American + +01:53:37.030 --> 01:53:42.078 +astronaut. Four members of this class +would be chosen to through the space shuttle + +01:53:43.010 --> 01:53:46.006 +Challenger, including MIT +graduate Ronald McNair. + +01:53:46.064 --> 01:53:47.078 +Yep. Much more. + +01:53:47.078 --> 01:53:49.058 +Here he is, . + +01:53:50.027 --> 01:53:55.038 +In 1984, he returned from a successful +flight aboard NASA space shuttle and became + +01:53:55.038 --> 01:53:57.002 +the second black man to fly in space. + +01:53:58.021 --> 01:54:05.018 +It's one of those indescribable things +and uh, a guy can have that pr I'm gonna get + +01:54:05.018 --> 01:54:06.078 +back in line to fly . + +01:54:09.085 --> 01:54:10.074 +Anyway, thanks. + +01:54:10.074 --> 01:54:12.054 +It's, it's great seeing all of you. + +01:54:12.059 --> 01:54:17.066 +So look around. It's just, uh, really +heartwarming experience and pleasure to see + +01:54:18.005 --> 01:54:21.070 +people who are genuinely appreciative. + +01:54:21.070 --> 01:54:26.082 +People who generally, genuinely express +a certain warmth in your faces. + +01:54:26.082 --> 01:54:28.014 +And it's just nice to see it. + +01:54:28.060 --> 01:54:30.018 +And, uh, I thank you for it. + +01:54:30.018 --> 01:54:31.018 +Thank you for coming out. + +01:54:31.070 --> 01:54:36.030 +Thank you. You take out insurance. + +01:54:37.031 --> 01:54:39.094 +As you move into those +jobs in the industry, + +01:54:41.009 --> 01:54:45.030 +you'll fire the world will +start to get quite frigid. + +01:54:46.034 --> 01:54:51.054 +Those of you that are headed for academia +as either on the elementary, secondary, + +01:54:51.059 --> 01:54:57.034 +or a college level as you move into +those areas in an attempt to rectify the + +01:54:57.054 --> 01:54:59.098 +negative trends in education +throughout our nation today, + +01:55:00.056 --> 01:55:04.066 +you find that the world +can get downright icy, + +01:55:06.072 --> 01:55:10.026 +but do not let the world's adversity +either stifle your enthusiasm, + +01:55:11.044 --> 01:55:12.074 +nor blind your vision. + +01:55:13.048 --> 01:55:18.074 +But the struggle towards excellence must +ever be conducted on the high plains of + +01:55:18.074 --> 01:55:23.014 +self confidence, a sense of +purpose and positive thought. + +01:55:24.054 --> 01:55:28.035 +Go forth with the knowledge +that you are better than enough, + +01:55:29.032 --> 01:55:35.051 +go forth with a desire to accomplish +with desire to contribute to our society. + +01:55:36.015 --> 01:55:36.515 +Great. + +01:55:42.046 --> 01:55:44.063 +Almost all this + +01:55:50.003 --> 01:55:50.503 +I was, + +01:56:04.036 --> 01:56:08.097 +This is shuttle launch control att +two minutes, 20, I mean two hours, + +01:56:08.097 --> 01:56:10.013 +28 minutes in county. + +01:56:10.013 --> 01:56:14.033 +Here comes the, uh, 51 hour flight +crew boarding the elevator, uh, + +01:56:14.033 --> 01:56:15.085 +for the second time in two days. + +01:56:16.057 --> 01:56:26.057 +Commander non McNair and uh, pilot Mike +Smith, followed by Crystal mcCal of teacher + +01:56:26.057 --> 01:56:31.041 +in space, Ellison Zuka and +payload specialist Greg Jarvis. + +01:56:32.031 --> 01:56:33.057 +Big smiles today, + +01:56:35.081 --> 01:56:41.052 +T minus 15 seconds minus Tim. + +01:56:42.003 --> 01:56:45.032 +9, 8, 7 6. + +01:56:45.061 --> 01:56:46.096 +We have main engine. + +01:56:46.096 --> 01:56:57.028 +Start 4, 3, 2, 1 and lift off, lift off +of the shuttle mission and it is cleared + +01:56:57.028 --> 01:56:57.528 +the tower. + +01:57:06.031 --> 01:57:07.028 +Good roll program. + +01:57:07.028 --> 01:57:09.080 +Confirmed challenger. + +01:57:09.080 --> 01:57:22.076 +Now heading down range engines beginning +throttling down now at 94%. + +01:57:23.023 --> 01:57:25.008 +Normal throttles motion. + +01:57:25.012 --> 01:57:32.004 +Most of the plane 104% will +throttle down to 65% shortly. + +01:57:35.065 --> 01:57:37.012 +Engines at 65%. + +01:57:37.012 --> 01:57:39.080 +Three engines running normally +three good fuel ls. + +01:57:39.080 --> 01:57:48.056 +Three good APUS velocity 8 2257 feet +per second altitude 4.3 nautical miles down + +01:57:48.056 --> 01:57:57.008 +range distance, three nautical miles +engines throttling up three engines now + +01:57:57.008 --> 01:58:07.068 +hundred four challenger go and throttle +up thro one minute 15 seconds. + +01:58:08.000 --> 01:58:11.068 +Velocity 2,900 feet per second altitude, +nine miles down range distance. + +01:58:11.068 --> 01:58:11.568 +Seven + +01:58:41.068 --> 01:58:42.076 +Families of the astronauts. + +01:58:43.071 --> 01:58:44.064 +Very carefully. + +01:58:46.088 --> 01:58:48.072 +Obviously a major malfunction. + +01:58:54.045 --> 01:58:55.056 +We have no down link. + +01:59:07.037 --> 01:59:10.092 +Reports from the flight dynamics +officer indicate that the vehicle, uh, + +01:59:12.012 --> 01:59:15.060 +apparently exploded and that, +uh, impact, uh, in the water. + +01:59:16.027 --> 01:59:17.084 +Good evening. Here's what's happening. + +01:59:17.090 --> 01:59:21.096 +The report on the space shuttle disaster +is now in President Reagan's hands and the + +01:59:21.096 --> 01:59:24.036 +public will get a look +at it on Monday tonight. + +01:59:24.036 --> 01:59:28.024 +CNN John Hallman reports some hard +fought battles among members of the + +01:59:28.024 --> 01:59:30.004 +investigative commission +that wrote the report. + +01:59:30.030 --> 01:59:34.084 +One member was harshly critical of nasa +and therein lies the tale that John Hallman + +01:59:34.084 --> 01:59:37.048 +unfolds now from Washington Morning. + +01:59:37.079 --> 01:59:42.020 +It's a commission member Richard Fineman +charged that NASA had virtually ignored + +01:59:42.020 --> 01:59:46.012 +the principles of physics and good scientific +practice in designing, testing, + +01:59:46.012 --> 01:59:47.052 +and building the space shuttle. + +01:59:47.090 --> 01:59:51.096 +The Nobel Prize winning physicist wrote +a section of the final report known as + +01:59:51.096 --> 01:59:53.068 +Chapter F Commission. + +01:59:53.068 --> 01:59:56.068 +Sources say, Chairman William Rogers +read the chapter and was furious. + +01:59:57.017 --> 01:59:59.083 +He called Fineman to Washington +Wednesday and urged. + +02:00:00.000 --> 02:00:04.088 +Honed down his criticism of NASA because +Chapter F threatened to destroy public + +02:00:04.088 --> 02:00:06.068 +confidence in the space agency. + +02:00:09.095 --> 02:00:14.016 +That was Richard Fineman, the Nobel +Prize winning physicist who startled the + +02:00:14.016 --> 02:00:17.064 +commission months signal when he dipped +an O ring into his glass of ice water to + +02:00:17.064 --> 02:00:18.080 +show that it wouldn't work when it + +02:00:18.080 --> 02:00:22.068 +Was cold. Discovered that when you put +some pressure on it for a while and then + +02:00:22.068 --> 02:00:26.008 +undo it, it maintains, +it doesn't stretch back. + +02:00:26.008 --> 02:00:27.060 +It stays the same dimension. + +02:00:27.060 --> 02:00:32.016 +In other words, for a few seconds +at least, and more seconds than that, + +02:00:32.017 --> 02:00:35.000 +there's no resilience in +this particular material. + +02:00:35.027 --> 02:00:42.040 +When it's at a temperature of 32 degrees, +I believe that has some significance for + +02:00:42.040 --> 02:00:42.540 +our problem. + +02:00:43.062 --> 02:00:46.080 +How do you feel about the job +your commission did generally? + +02:00:47.003 --> 02:00:48.056 +I think we did a pretty good job. + +02:00:48.056 --> 02:00:52.012 +It turned out to be easier in some respects +than we could've imagined it was. + +02:00:52.012 --> 02:00:53.032 +I wanted to find out what happened. + +02:00:53.039 --> 02:00:54.008 +I, but + +02:00:54.008 --> 02:00:58.016 +I was curious, why did Chairman Rogers, +uh, say at the White House today that it + +02:00:58.016 --> 02:01:00.092 +would turned out to be more difficult +than he thought it was gonna be? + +02:01:00.092 --> 02:01:01.084 +What was he talking about? + +02:01:02.035 --> 02:01:04.080 +Well, maybe we had different +expectations. + +02:01:06.003 --> 02:01:09.096 +It's strange because at the very +beginning of this commission meetings, + +02:01:09.096 --> 02:01:13.064 +I remember Mr. Rogers saying, Well, of +course we may never find out what may the + +02:01:13.084 --> 02:01:17.028 +accident occur. And that turned +out that's what I meant was easy. + +02:01:17.039 --> 02:01:18.092 +I see. +You know, what happened and you, + +02:01:18.092 --> 02:01:23.036 +You know, what happened? What was difficult, +and I think maybe he's referring to + +02:01:23.036 --> 02:01:29.032 +this, was the discovery of these weaknesses +inside of NASA and their attitudes. + +02:01:29.032 --> 02:01:33.024 +Mm-hmm. , this kind +of illogic about safety and so forth, + +02:01:33.024 --> 02:01:37.052 +which was so extensive from an organization +which had such a reputation in the + +02:01:37.052 --> 02:01:41.096 +country that it was hard for us to +find it out in a sort of emotional way, + +02:01:42.037 --> 02:01:47.012 +is to have to come around and say that +the wizard of ours, which everybody respect, + +02:01:47.078 --> 02:01:49.016 +has nothing behind it. + +02:01:57.009 --> 02:01:57.076 +Another + +02:01:57.076 --> 02:02:00.044 +Area where Boston flourishes +is academics. + +02:02:01.006 --> 02:02:05.068 +The greater Boston area has more students +per capita than any other region in + +02:02:05.068 --> 02:02:10.064 +America. Just across the Charles +River stand, two academic giants. + +02:02:11.021 --> 02:02:21.048 +Harvard University, not far away is +the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. + +02:02:22.039 --> 02:02:28.012 +Tech Students jokingly claim getting +an education at MIT is like trying to drink + +02:02:28.012 --> 02:02:29.044 +from a fire hose + +02:02:30.027 --> 02:02:33.012 +Like the rest of the northeastern +United States. + +02:02:33.022 --> 02:02:36.036 +The temperature in Boston +fluctuates wildly. + +02:02:36.050 --> 02:02:40.072 +The middle of summer is hot and +humid, and the winters can be harsh. + +02:02:43.007 --> 02:02:44.075 +Cambridge had a housing problem. + +02:02:45.061 --> 02:02:46.003 +MIT + +02:02:46.018 --> 02:02:46.518 +Said, Not + +02:02:47.065 --> 02:02:49.055 +Mit, we said, Noted + +02:02:50.001 --> 02:02:54.039 +Mit, despite the cold, a small crowd +of Cambridge activists gathered near Central + +02:02:54.039 --> 02:02:58.091 +Square this afternoon to protest planned +development of 27 acres of property owned + +02:02:58.091 --> 02:03:02.056 +by by mit working with Forest +City, a private developer. + +02:03:02.070 --> 02:03:06.064 +MIT wants to build a multimillion dollar +research and development complex here. + +02:03:06.082 --> 02:03:11.048 +The land known locally as the Simplex +site has been the center of controversy for + +02:03:11.048 --> 02:03:16.032 +more than a decade. Today, opponents distributed +documents they claim show that the + +02:03:16.032 --> 02:03:18.056 +developers deliberately +mislead the public. + +02:03:18.085 --> 02:03:22.024 +By underestimating the size +and scope of the planned project, + +02:03:24.082 --> 02:03:28.060 +MIT continued to expand and that meant +less real estate for low income housing. + +02:03:29.059 --> 02:03:33.016 +A group of protesters, including +both the homeless and homeowners, + +02:03:33.035 --> 02:03:38.068 +demanded that MIT construct at least 250 +low income housing units as accommodation + +02:03:38.076 --> 02:03:39.092 +for this planned demolition + +02:03:40.015 --> 02:03:44.012 +Issues. And the needs are so great. + +02:03:45.030 --> 02:03:52.088 +The passion and the outrage about the +conditions under which we live causes us to + +02:03:52.088 --> 02:03:59.028 +go at each other and not to work +together to deal with the real enemy, + +02:03:59.036 --> 02:04:02.076 +which is the greed of mit. + +02:04:03.055 --> 02:04:07.076 +He's right, is right. + +02:04:10.038 --> 02:04:14.080 +The sunset and what started as +a protest turned into an occupation. + +02:04:18.046 --> 02:04:23.048 +100 homeless residents of Cambridge set +up an encampment at MIT's University Park. + +02:04:24.003 --> 02:04:25.076 +They called it Tent City. + +02:04:36.073 --> 02:04:40.028 +In time, the protest arrived +at the hood of MIT's campus. + +02:04:45.003 --> 02:04:48.052 +Students protested at the entrance +of MIT alongside the homeless. + +02:04:52.040 --> 02:04:55.097 +They demanded that the institute accommodate +the residents of Cambridge as it + +02:04:55.097 --> 02:04:56.085 +terraforms the city. + +02:04:59.068 --> 02:05:04.085 +What can happen in the future is directly +related to whether or not people in the + +02:05:04.085 --> 02:05:10.057 +neighborhoods, people across the city +get organized and say very clearly what they + +02:05:10.095 --> 02:05:15.081 +want in a process that they want +to control, the development process, + +02:05:15.081 --> 02:05:19.020 +that they wanna hold the +city, the b, the state, + +02:05:19.035 --> 02:05:21.081 +and the private developers accountable. + +02:05:21.081 --> 02:05:23.089 +People are not opposed to development. + +02:05:24.003 --> 02:05:27.061 +People wanna see things happen +that are in their interests. + +02:05:45.072 --> 02:05:49.073 +Eventually, MIT police stormed +the encampment and shut it down. + +02:05:49.091 --> 02:05:54.028 +Moving tents, clothing and personal +belongings on the sidewalk outside the lot + +02:06:01.023 --> 02:06:03.013 +For +15 minutes this afternoon. + +02:06:03.013 --> 02:06:07.005 +Millions linked hands to raise money +for America's hungry and homeless + +02:06:07.005 --> 02:06:08.040 +Hands across America. + +02:06:08.073 --> 02:06:12.085 +Formed one human chain spanning +16 states in the District of Columbia. + +02:06:13.024 --> 02:06:17.013 +Hens across Massachusetts, stretched +from Boston Common through the public garden + +02:06:17.013 --> 02:06:20.016 +on both the Boston and Cambridge +sides of the Charles River. + +02:06:20.040 --> 02:06:25.005 +Organizers say more than 6,000 took part +in the local effort to help the hungry and + +02:06:25.024 --> 02:06:25.070 +homeless. + +02:06:25.070 --> 02:06:28.032 +I'm Andy Hiller on the +Esplanade this afternoon. + +02:06:28.032 --> 02:06:32.081 +The scene before the people here +joined hens was festive and playful and + +02:06:32.081 --> 02:06:37.073 +party-like, but there was real work being +done and contributions collected and the + +02:06:37.073 --> 02:06:40.069 +work paid off. Do you ever +think about being homeless? + +02:06:41.057 --> 02:06:46.093 +No. Because when people are born, there's +always a place to go no matter what. + +02:06:53.044 --> 02:06:54.073 +It's a juicy steak. + +02:06:55.057 --> 02:06:56.081 +19. Shrimp and steak. + +02:06:56.084 --> 02:06:58.028 +Just 9 99. + +02:06:58.036 --> 02:06:59.097 +Hurry to Red Lobster. + +02:07:09.024 --> 02:07:15.020 +Just two hours ago, Allied Air Forces +began an attack on military targets in Iraq + +02:07:15.020 --> 02:07:19.040 +and Kuwait. These attacks +continue as I speak. + +02:07:20.024 --> 02:07:24.093 +Five months ago, sad ma saying, +started this cruel war against Kuwait. + +02:07:25.041 --> 02:07:28.001 +Tonight, the battle has been joined + +02:07:28.019 --> 02:07:29.057 +With no further due. + +02:07:29.072 --> 02:07:30.032 +Here's + +02:07:30.032 --> 02:07:30.532 +Known. + +02:07:45.068 --> 02:07:52.013 +I guess it's not considered good form +to start by, uh, admonishing your audience, + +02:07:52.013 --> 02:07:54.036 +but I don't think it's +a time for cheering. + +02:07:55.061 --> 02:08:00.049 +Uh, in fact, it's not easy to +talk about this topic at all. + +02:08:01.026 --> 02:08:04.089 +Uh, when we are just short of a decision, + +02:08:05.028 --> 02:08:10.089 +that's going to mean the slaughter of +tens, if not hundreds of thousands of people. + +02:08:14.013 --> 02:08:16.016 +These are on, We're on a sign on. + +02:08:16.040 --> 02:08:19.089 +Yeah. Here we got it. + +02:08:19.089 --> 02:08:20.077 +I think so. Okay. + +02:08:20.077 --> 02:08:21.005 +We'll, + +02:08:21.074 --> 02:08:22.040 +Funding + +02:08:22.040 --> 02:08:25.013 +Is made possible by the +National Science Foundation. + +02:08:26.002 --> 02:08:30.005 +US forces are expected to have an +enormous advantage in combat with Iraq. + +02:08:30.019 --> 02:08:34.053 +That's because new technology allows Americans +to do much of the fighting at night + +02:08:34.064 --> 02:08:40.013 +when they can see, and presumably the +Iraqis cannot seen here in tests in Arizona. + +02:08:40.065 --> 02:08:45.001 +Lantern uses a combination of infrared +and radar technology that turns night in + +02:08:45.001 --> 02:08:47.013 +today. The result is plain to see. + +02:08:47.059 --> 02:08:51.005 +And these are the young men +and women who make new things, + +02:08:51.085 --> 02:08:54.049 +discover and explore and +create new technology. + +02:08:54.086 --> 02:08:58.044 +The key to American economic +growth and national security. + +02:08:58.072 --> 02:09:04.097 +They build things here, things to use, +things that nearly think things that make + +02:09:04.097 --> 02:09:05.069 +life easier. + +02:09:06.007 --> 02:09:07.057 +Hey, where are we on this map? + +02:09:07.057 --> 02:09:11.005 +Huh? Huh? We are right dude. + +02:09:11.016 --> 02:09:12.069 +Right above Ku H City. + +02:09:13.018 --> 02:09:15.020 +We will take a highway down this highway. + +02:09:15.022 --> 02:09:16.009 +As a matter of fact, + +02:09:25.024 --> 02:09:26.006 +What was that? + +02:09:26.044 --> 02:09:32.006 +They build machines and systems than +manage those systems to build more machines + +02:09:32.006 --> 02:09:33.014 +and more systems. + +02:09:34.093 --> 02:09:39.010 +What do you think? Innocent. + +02:09:39.052 --> 02:09:39.552 +And + +02:09:47.034 --> 02:09:47.090 +These + +02:09:47.090 --> 02:09:53.026 +Are practical men and women devoted to +solving problems, some of their own making. + +02:09:56.066 --> 02:09:58.032 +And I think he alive. + +02:09:59.049 --> 02:10:04.065 +Bravo Battery has made it through +the war with zero thumbs up. + +02:10:30.090 --> 02:10:35.057 +In 1985, Yale University, a small +liberal arts college in New Haven, + +02:10:35.091 --> 02:10:41.061 +was looking to hire a new endowment +manager, David Swenson. + +02:10:41.080 --> 02:10:44.049 +A 31 year old working on Wall +Street was given the job, + +02:10:44.091 --> 02:10:48.050 +the investment strategy he would employ +would change American universities forever. + +02:10:49.066 --> 02:10:53.030 +At the time, endowments were expected +to have modest, dependable growth. + +02:10:53.091 --> 02:10:57.041 +The purpose of endowments was to ensure +that universities could function even + +02:10:57.041 --> 02:11:01.070 +through difficult economic environments +to make universities immortal. + +02:11:06.047 --> 02:11:07.082 +Swenson took a new approach. + +02:11:08.004 --> 02:11:10.066 +The financial markets were performing +extraordinarily well, + +02:11:10.066 --> 02:11:12.086 +and Yale had an opportunity +to weep the profits. + +02:11:13.066 --> 02:11:17.010 +Massive tax free profits. + +02:11:18.019 --> 02:11:22.002 +Swenson exposed Yale's investment portfolio +to private equity and venture capital. + +02:11:22.041 --> 02:11:25.038 +Asset classes typically understood +as higher risk investments. + +02:11:26.007 --> 02:11:29.090 +Swenson also forged partnerships with +hedge funds and expanded Yale's investment + +02:11:29.090 --> 02:11:33.082 +arm. As the global economy surged, +so did Yale's endowment. + +02:11:38.045 --> 02:11:40.078 +Yale may have been the first +to benefit from the gold rush, + +02:11:40.095 --> 02:11:42.066 +but its rivals weren't far behind. + +02:11:42.085 --> 02:11:46.098 +Throughout the nineties, elite endowment +managers chased after increasingly ABBA + +02:11:46.098 --> 02:11:48.014 +investment opportunities. + +02:11:48.049 --> 02:11:53.002 +They invested in everything from speculative +internet startups to forest operations + +02:11:53.002 --> 02:12:00.070 +in Romania. The investors at the MIT +Investment Management Company caught on + +02:12:00.070 --> 02:12:03.026 +quickly. The time for +playing it safe was over. + +02:12:03.060 --> 02:12:06.058 +The endowment had to grow or +the institute would fall behind. + +02:12:07.099 --> 02:12:12.010 +In the face of this new reality, +MIT needed a new kind of president, + +02:12:12.056 --> 02:12:15.018 +one who could attract investors +and make lucrative deals. + +02:12:20.070 --> 02:12:23.090 +President Charles Best was well +suited to handle this transition. + +02:12:24.043 --> 02:12:28.090 +He earned a PhD in mechanical engineering +from the University of Michigan in 1967, + +02:12:28.090 --> 02:12:32.054 +where he remained for 20 years working +as a professor and eventually becoming + +02:12:32.054 --> 02:12:36.030 +provost. In 1990, Chuck was appointed. + +02:12:36.030 --> 02:12:48.054 +As MIT's 15th President MIT chose Vest, +an outsider for his technical background + +02:12:48.054 --> 02:12:50.062 +and strong track record in +university administration. + +02:12:56.085 --> 02:13:00.036 +He described his appointment to the +presidency as a call to national service. + +02:13:02.054 --> 02:13:07.052 +For decades, the American Research Universities +have served this nation exceedingly + +02:13:07.052 --> 02:13:13.004 +well. But today the American public +is calling into question the value of our + +02:13:13.024 --> 02:13:18.048 +research. Universities and no longer +tends to view science and technology as the + +02:13:18.048 --> 02:13:19.080 +foundation of progress. + +02:13:20.002 --> 02:13:22.091 +The public's attention is +caught not only by the debate, + +02:13:22.091 --> 02:13:25.088 +over the costs and quality +of undergraduate education, + +02:13:26.022 --> 02:13:29.036 +but by the debate over the +cost and conduct of research. + +02:13:30.003 --> 02:13:34.032 +Vest had assumed the position when the +public private research structure forged by + +02:13:34.032 --> 02:13:37.040 +President Compton and Vannevar +Bush was crumbling. + +02:13:39.049 --> 02:13:43.064 +He committed his presidency to reviving +successful collaborations between academia, + +02:13:44.032 --> 02:13:45.032 +industry, and government. + +02:13:45.041 --> 02:13:49.032 +Now these are the kinds of young +men and young women in whom we, + +02:13:49.061 --> 02:13:55.036 +through the federal government, must +invest if we are going to embrace excellence + +02:13:55.036 --> 02:13:56.080 +rather than mediocrity. + +02:13:58.100 --> 02:14:01.088 +President Vest would lead +the institute for 14 years, + +02:14:02.004 --> 02:14:06.036 +reshaping the appearance of the campus, +reforming student life and pioneering new + +02:14:06.036 --> 02:14:10.088 +initiatives. Nearly one fourth of MIT's +current square footage was built under the + +02:14:10.088 --> 02:14:15.040 +best administration, and he directed +MIT's evolution into a super institute. + +02:14:16.050 --> 02:14:19.036 +His office founded the Picker +Institute for Learning and Memory, + +02:14:19.098 --> 02:14:24.068 +the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, +the Broad Institute and the Institute + +02:14:24.068 --> 02:14:25.084 +for Soldier Nano Technologies. + +02:14:29.040 --> 02:14:30.020 +President + +02:14:30.020 --> 02:14:34.036 +Vest also made headlines when his administration +released a study on the status of + +02:14:34.036 --> 02:14:38.068 +women faculty in science at mit, a report +that acknowledged discrepancies in the + +02:14:38.068 --> 02:14:40.088 +treatment of senior faculty +on the basis of gender. + +02:14:41.082 --> 02:14:45.088 +The report would spark a nationwide reckoning +over gender equality in academia. + +02:14:46.045 --> 02:14:49.084 +At mit, the percentage of women +faculty would increase steadily. + +02:14:49.084 --> 02:15:04.080 +For all the years following the report +in Geneva, Switzerland, Tim Burners. + +02:15:04.080 --> 02:15:07.052 +Leary was working as an independent +contractor at cern, + +02:15:07.074 --> 02:15:09.084 +the European Center for Nuclear Research. + +02:15:22.065 --> 02:15:28.012 +In 1989, he authored a white paper proposing +something he called the Worldwide Web, + +02:15:28.055 --> 02:15:31.088 +a collection of protocols and algorithms +built on top of the internet. + +02:15:35.010 --> 02:15:40.100 +His paper introduced websites, web service +links and error correcting mechanisms, + +02:15:41.018 --> 02:15:44.072 +the innovations that enable the Internet's +evolution into an earth shadowing + +02:15:44.072 --> 02:15:50.028 +system. The web's main innovation was +hypertext, a deceptively simple idea with a + +02:15:50.028 --> 02:15:50.528 +strong history. + +02:15:52.075 --> 02:15:56.044 +Back in 1945, there was +this guy, Niver Bush, + +02:15:56.086 --> 02:16:00.088 +and he was working for the US government +and one of the ideas that he put forth + +02:16:00.088 --> 02:16:05.100 +was, Wow, humans are creating so much +information and we can't keep track of all + +02:16:05.100 --> 02:16:09.024 +the books that we've read or the +connections between important ideas. + +02:16:09.054 --> 02:16:11.060 +And he had this idea called the Memex. + +02:16:13.016 --> 02:16:16.040 +At the end of World War ii, +American scientist and engineer, + +02:16:16.040 --> 02:16:19.056 +Vannevar Bush published +his concept for the memex, + +02:16:20.059 --> 02:16:24.016 +A device to augment human +memory and index information. + +02:16:24.077 --> 02:16:28.036 +He believed people could navigate +information quickly if the process of + +02:16:28.036 --> 02:16:29.080 +cross-referencing was automated. + +02:16:30.026 --> 02:16:36.008 +The most essential feature Bush Road was +the process of tying two items together at + +02:16:36.008 --> 02:16:37.040 +CER Labs in Switzerland. + +02:16:37.050 --> 02:16:40.011 +Tim Burner's, Leary finally +brought the pieces together. + +02:16:40.018 --> 02:16:44.016 +His worldwide web became the first +hyper text tool for the masses. + +02:16:44.025 --> 02:16:47.024 +Because of the way that hyperlinks +were first constructed, + +02:16:47.024 --> 02:16:52.084 +they were intended to be not only used +by many people, but created by many people. + +02:16:53.036 --> 02:16:57.024 +To me, it's one of the most +democratic designs ever created + +02:17:02.049 --> 02:17:06.048 +In 1994 with over 10 million +users now on the web, + +02:17:06.069 --> 02:17:10.084 +Tim Burn Leary came to MIT where he +founded the Worldwide Web consortium. + +02:17:10.084 --> 02:17:20.064 +Swishing, his group would standardize +the new suite of languages and protocols that + +02:17:20.064 --> 02:17:27.003 +the web necessitated through mit, the +web matured and made the internet accessible + +02:17:27.003 --> 02:17:27.503 +to the average person. + +02:17:29.015 --> 02:17:32.056 +With such a powerful invention, +a better world was inevitable. + +02:17:34.053 --> 02:17:39.032 +You don't think that some of the claims +being made for it are hugely exaggerated? + +02:17:39.032 --> 02:17:39.092 +I mean, when the + +02:17:39.092 --> 02:17:42.027 +Telephone was, no. You see, +I don't, I don't, I don't agree. + +02:17:42.027 --> 02:17:46.008 +I don't agree. I think the internet, +I don't think we've even seen the tip of the + +02:17:46.008 --> 02:17:51.068 +iceberg. I think the potential of what +the internet is going to do to society, + +02:17:51.068 --> 02:17:55.056 +both good and bad, is unimaginable. + +02:17:56.018 --> 02:18:01.011 +I think we're actually on the cusp +of something exhilarating and terrifying. + +02:18:02.018 --> 02:18:03.052 +It's just a tool though, + +02:18:03.052 --> 02:18:04.072 +Isn't it? No, it's not. + +02:18:05.001 --> 02:18:06.084 +No, it's an alien life form. + +02:18:06.084 --> 02:18:10.016 +What do you think, I mean, +when you think then about the + +02:18:10.016 --> 02:18:11.027 +It's their life on mine. + +02:18:11.027 --> 02:18:12.088 +Yes. It's just landed. + +02:18:12.088 --> 02:18:13.008 +Here + +02:18:19.069 --> 02:18:20.011 +Was + +02:18:20.011 --> 02:18:25.016 +A violent scene on the Esplanade tonight +when a free punk rock concert and really + +02:18:25.016 --> 02:18:25.084 +got out of + +02:18:25.084 --> 02:18:30.076 +Control. An estimated 50,000 people crammed +the Esplanade to hear the band Green + +02:18:30.082 --> 02:18:31.084 +Day performed. + +02:18:31.098 --> 02:18:36.032 +The band ran from the stage as a +crowd surge fourth during the show. + +02:18:41.094 --> 02:18:45.068 +I didn't think I would have fun here +and I was looking to have at least some fun. + +02:18:45.068 --> 02:18:47.072 +I mean, I wanted a good +education of course, other + +02:18:47.072 --> 02:18:50.076 +Than I guess being a student, +I'm, uh, also run track. + +02:18:51.043 --> 02:18:55.027 +I was involved with the human powered +Hydrofoil team since it was started about + +02:18:55.027 --> 02:18:58.035 +three years ago. I think it's really +easy to join things just in general. + +02:18:58.064 --> 02:19:01.068 +There was a party every night +if you, if you wanna do that. + +02:19:05.022 --> 02:19:08.076 +Fraternities have been integrated +life at MIT since the days before. + +02:19:08.076 --> 02:19:09.095 +It was known as mit. + +02:19:12.010 --> 02:19:15.044 +When Boston Tech was originally +founded in 1861. + +02:19:15.060 --> 02:19:17.011 +There were no dormitories. + +02:19:17.097 --> 02:19:20.016 +In fact, in the history of the institute, + +02:19:20.016 --> 02:19:22.032 +there have never been enough +dormitories to house. + +02:19:22.032 --> 02:19:27.072 +Every undergraduate fraternities +have always been there to close the, + +02:19:28.075 --> 02:19:29.084 +Everything is + +02:19:29.084 --> 02:19:30.027 +Over + +02:19:31.042 --> 02:19:32.060 +And I'm feeling + +02:19:32.095 --> 02:19:34.019 +Since its foundation. + +02:19:34.019 --> 02:19:38.060 +In the 1880s, Greek life has exploded +into a massive cultural force at mit. + +02:19:39.055 --> 02:19:43.016 +Fraternity membership encompassed one +fifth of the student body in 19 hundreds, + +02:19:43.066 --> 02:19:48.011 +one third of the student body in 1915 +and to over half of all male students across + +02:19:48.011 --> 02:19:49.048 +more than 25 chapters. + +02:19:49.048 --> 02:19:59.084 +By the end of the 1990s with so many. + +02:20:00.000 --> 02:20:01.028 +Organizations at mit. + +02:20:01.028 --> 02:20:02.080 +Competition is inevitable. + +02:20:04.067 --> 02:20:08.064 +Over the years, fraternities have found +a variety of ways to challenge each other, + +02:20:08.064 --> 02:20:11.080 +including everything from intramural +sports to prank wars. + +02:20:12.046 --> 02:20:18.048 +But undoubtedly, the main competition +between fraternities is rush a period of + +02:20:18.048 --> 02:20:20.092 +about a week when chapters +recruit new members. + +02:20:22.063 --> 02:20:27.000 +Russia's fundamental to Greek life +anywhere, but as is often the case, + +02:20:27.086 --> 02:20:29.076 +MIT students put their own spin on it. + +02:20:32.099 --> 02:20:34.048 +Talk about a management experience. + +02:20:34.048 --> 02:20:38.008 +I, um, so I applied to be rush share. + +02:20:38.010 --> 02:20:42.084 +You gotta figure out how +to go find, you know, + +02:20:43.012 --> 02:20:47.036 +freshman on campus and like reel them +into your fraternity and find the best ones + +02:20:47.036 --> 02:20:48.088 +and convince 'em to join. + +02:20:48.088 --> 02:20:51.084 +And it's intense cuz you're like, +Oh my God, if I don't, you know, + +02:20:51.094 --> 02:20:55.068 +all these 25 other fraternities +are like competing for the same kids. + +02:20:55.068 --> 02:20:59.008 +And like, if I don't do a good +enough job, then, you know, + +02:20:59.008 --> 02:21:02.044 +we don't have a big enough pledge class +and our dues go up and then it's even + +02:21:02.044 --> 02:21:05.020 +harder next year. And like, it's like +this death spiral that it's all my fault, + +02:21:05.022 --> 02:21:07.024 +you know? And then you +start to break it down, + +02:21:07.069 --> 02:21:12.032 +there's a thousand kids who enter the +class, 600 of which are guys, and then, + +02:21:12.062 --> 02:21:15.032 +you know, a couple hundred +join, uh, fraternity. + +02:21:15.050 --> 02:21:17.080 +And so you sort of, okay, +that's a sales funnel. + +02:21:18.030 --> 02:21:19.084 +You figure that out +and you're like, okay. + +02:21:19.084 --> 02:21:22.016 +You start looking at all the +people you have and you're like, + +02:21:22.016 --> 02:21:23.032 +these people are really social. + +02:21:23.032 --> 02:21:27.008 +And so you can send 'em out in the van +to go hang out with kids on campus and get + +02:21:27.020 --> 02:21:29.020 +'em back. And then these people, +they're not that motivated, + +02:21:29.020 --> 02:21:32.016 +but if you give 'em snacks and drinks, +they'll like hang out and tell good stories. + +02:21:32.051 --> 02:21:35.024 +This is like talent management, you know? + +02:21:35.024 --> 02:21:38.032 +And so all these things come back in +a way that I was really not expecting. + +02:21:38.077 --> 02:21:41.008 +Um, and just the feeling of just +like having to figure it out. + +02:21:41.020 --> 02:21:44.080 +But getting that practice in a, in +kind of a safe place was really valuable. + +02:21:44.080 --> 02:21:48.004 +And, and the fraternity was for +me, uh, a great way to do that. + +02:21:57.081 --> 02:22:02.012 +In the 1990s, fraternities at MIT +were experiencing the golden era. + +02:22:04.036 --> 02:22:08.048 +Participation was high and the social +scene throughout MIT was the epicenter for + +02:22:08.048 --> 02:22:09.096 +college students across the Boston area. + +02:22:13.089 --> 02:22:18.032 +At the time, freshmen were not required +to live on campus and they often moved into + +02:22:18.032 --> 02:22:23.016 +fraternity houses. Shortly after pledging +this tradition created the fundamental + +02:22:23.016 --> 02:22:24.064 +divide between MIT men. + +02:22:25.015 --> 02:22:31.016 +They were dorm boys and they +were threat boys, dorm traditions, + +02:22:33.050 --> 02:22:34.060 +and Greek traditions. + +02:22:36.050 --> 02:22:38.072 +And the two social spheres +had little overlap. + +02:22:40.087 --> 02:22:41.072 +Regardless + +02:22:41.072 --> 02:22:45.012 +Of residential status, alcohol plays +a significant role in student life. + +02:22:45.012 --> 02:22:52.008 +In the nineties, many fraternities +had strong cultures of drinking, + +02:22:52.014 --> 02:22:53.040 +but so did dormitories. + +02:22:54.004 --> 02:22:57.096 +Baker House spent 17% of its +student life budget on alcohol, + +02:22:58.010 --> 02:23:00.080 +and all the dorms commonly +hosted unregulated + +02:23:00.080 --> 02:23:01.004 +Parties. + +02:23:21.045 --> 02:23:25.072 +At the peak of its intoxication, +MIT experienced a horrible accident. + +02:23:27.013 --> 02:23:31.060 +In the spring of 1997, a student fell +through this ceiling at Lambda Kay Alpha + +02:23:31.060 --> 02:23:32.084 +falling four stories. + +02:23:33.073 --> 02:23:37.096 +He survived the fall, but there was substantial +injury to both the student and to + +02:23:38.004 --> 02:23:49.024 +the sentiment towards Greek life, the +heavy drinking culture of the student body + +02:23:49.024 --> 02:23:52.088 +came under scrutiny, but for the +most part, life continued as normal + +02:23:54.057 --> 02:23:55.024 +Classes + +02:23:55.024 --> 02:23:57.044 +Were hard, parties were harder. + +02:24:06.027 --> 02:24:10.028 +Eventually, students dispersed for the +summer and took a much needed break from + +02:24:39.025 --> 02:24:45.000 +In the history of mit, there is perhaps +no event more tragic and consequential than + +02:24:45.000 --> 02:24:52.028 +the death of Scott Kruger when Rush concluded +at the beginning of the 1998 academic + +02:24:52.028 --> 02:24:57.084 +year fire game of Delta, known on +campus as Fiji had recruited 12 pledges. + +02:24:59.063 --> 02:25:02.049 +The pledgers moved into their +new home shortly thereafter. + +02:25:02.055 --> 02:25:07.045 +And on Friday, September 26th, the pledgers +attended Fiji's Big Brother Ceremony. + +02:25:08.002 --> 02:25:12.073 +In the tradition of the ceremony, each +pledge received a dedicated big brother in + +02:25:12.073 --> 02:25:15.017 +upperclassmen who could guide +him through life in the fraternity, + +02:25:15.017 --> 02:25:17.049 +through MIT and beyond. + +02:25:21.074 --> 02:25:25.061 +In preparation for the ceremony, pledges +were instructed to drink beer and whiskey + +02:25:25.070 --> 02:25:27.077 +as they all watched +the film, Animal House + +02:25:37.078 --> 02:25:38.089 +La Italian bags + +02:25:38.093 --> 02:25:43.017 +Plans. After finishing the movie, +the pledges were introduced to their big + +02:25:43.017 --> 02:25:45.053 +brothers, and welcome to Step +Closer into the Brotherhood. + +02:25:46.015 --> 02:25:55.017 +Celebrations followed Scott's big, embraced +him and handed him a handle of Bacardi + +02:25:55.017 --> 02:25:55.517 +spice To him. + +02:25:57.083 --> 02:25:58.081 +Celebrations + +02:25:58.081 --> 02:25:59.081 +Went on for hours. + +02:26:00.085 --> 02:26:05.001 +Scott complained of nausea, so the brothers +laid him on a couch to rest and left + +02:26:05.001 --> 02:26:20.005 +him alone for 10 minutes, they returned +to find Scott covered in vomit. + +02:26:21.018 --> 02:26:22.017 +He wasn't breathing. + +02:26:25.087 --> 02:26:28.085 +The paramedics rushed him to the +Beth Israel Deacon, his hospital. + +02:26:46.056 --> 02:26:48.006 +The consequences were swift. + +02:26:50.034 --> 02:26:54.002 +MIT's Fiji chapter was immediately +suspended by the national organization. + +02:26:55.008 --> 02:26:58.045 +All dorms and living groups agreed +to cancel any alcoholic events. + +02:26:58.072 --> 02:27:01.034 +And President Vest promised total reform. + +02:27:03.047 --> 02:27:07.083 +President Vest pledged to rebalance the +arrangement between fraternities and mit. + +02:27:09.005 --> 02:27:13.070 +The relationship had always been one +of symbiosis of mutual benefit and respect. + +02:27:14.086 --> 02:27:19.039 +Students enjoyed more robust social lives, +and MIT had a solution to its housing + +02:27:19.039 --> 02:27:23.007 +problem. But the administration +had lost its patients. + +02:27:24.067 --> 02:27:27.087 +President Vest promised to build +more undergraduate dormitories, + +02:27:27.095 --> 02:27:30.051 +providing more options for +students to live on campus. + +02:27:31.025 --> 02:27:34.099 +Responsible graduate students were +also hired to live in and supervise every + +02:27:34.099 --> 02:27:36.051 +fraternity and independent living group. + +02:27:36.051 --> 02:27:45.083 +From that point forward three years +later, after extensive arbitration, + +02:27:46.007 --> 02:27:49.035 +president Charles Best personally +apologized to Scott's parents. + +02:27:50.036 --> 02:27:53.063 +In his eyes, he and MIT failed Scott. + +02:27:54.082 --> 02:27:57.093 +It was MIT's responsibility +to keep him safe. + +02:28:05.001 --> 02:28:07.091 +Universities across the country +saw the writing on the wall. + +02:28:08.070 --> 02:28:11.087 +A national reporter for ABC +News described the new paradigm + +02:28:13.019 --> 02:28:17.043 +After the student movement of the 1960s, +students asserted many of their adult + +02:28:17.043 --> 02:28:19.083 +rights by marching on campuses +and going to war. + +02:28:20.042 --> 02:28:24.011 +This translated into an attitude that +schools had no legal responsibilities. + +02:28:27.009 --> 02:28:35.027 +Now schools are assuming liability in +administrative remarked parents have much + +02:28:35.027 --> 02:28:37.078 +greater expectations of what +the college's role should be. + +02:28:38.086 --> 02:28:40.035 +What you see is a shift. + +02:28:40.076 --> 02:28:43.047 +Schools now function a +lot like businesses do. + +02:28:44.022 --> 02:28:46.099 +They sponsor activities +and the courts see that. + +02:29:02.056 --> 02:29:04.039 +Uh, today we've had a national tragedy. + +02:29:06.003 --> 02:29:13.019 +Uh, two airplanes have crashed into the +World Trade Center in an apparent terrorist + +02:29:13.019 --> 02:29:14.011 +attack on our country. + +02:29:16.030 --> 02:29:20.023 +I have spoken to the vice president, +to the Governor of New York, + +02:29:21.008 --> 02:29:26.019 +to the director of the fbi, and I've ordered +that the full resources of the federal + +02:29:26.019 --> 02:29:31.083 +government go to help the victims +and their families and the, + +02:29:31.083 --> 02:29:39.099 +and to conduct a full scale investigation +to hunt down and to find those folks who + +02:29:40.007 --> 02:29:40.507 +committed this act. + +02:29:48.010 --> 02:29:52.015 +Once news of the attack on the World +Trade Center reached the Student Body campus + +02:29:52.017 --> 02:29:58.003 +was quiet, students packed into the +Athena clusters, looking for information. + +02:29:58.049 --> 02:30:03.011 +But CNN's News website had crashed +from the massive volume of traffic in the + +02:30:03.011 --> 02:30:07.051 +uncertainty. The administration decided +to proceed with normal operations and + +02:30:07.051 --> 02:30:09.091 +students continued going to class +for the remainder of the day. + +02:30:11.028 --> 02:30:15.023 +On the evening of September 11th, President +Vest announced that the following day + +02:30:15.023 --> 02:30:19.019 +would be a half day with classes ending +early so that students could attend a vigil + +02:30:19.019 --> 02:30:26.003 +on Kresge lawn. Student responses to +the September 11th attacks were varied. + +02:30:27.002 --> 02:30:30.055 +Some students condemned the attacks +as senseless violence and of those who + +02:30:30.055 --> 02:30:33.047 +condemned some called for +peace and others for war. + +02:30:36.015 --> 02:30:40.075 +Other students will personal pieces +expressing their struggles with hope and + +02:30:40.075 --> 02:30:42.055 +purpose in the light +of their own mortality. + +02:30:46.002 --> 02:30:50.059 +Some criticized America's response +to the tragedy while others praised MIT's + +02:30:50.059 --> 02:30:51.095 +community vigil and blood drive. + +02:30:54.086 --> 02:30:59.091 +Others still were critical of the institute +complaining that MIT did not slow down + +02:30:59.091 --> 02:31:02.007 +enough for the community +to process what had happened. + +02:31:04.035 --> 02:31:08.091 +These editorial lists provided about +at least one thing in the world. + +02:31:08.091 --> 02:31:12.026 +After nine 11, the institute +did not slow down, + +02:31:27.052 --> 02:31:30.094 +And because it's all changed +now, I can get by with saying it, + +02:31:30.094 --> 02:31:34.098 +but the first time I visited +here and drove down Vassar Street, + +02:31:35.004 --> 02:31:39.090 +the backside of the campus, +I was actually appalled. + +02:31:39.090 --> 02:31:47.022 +I could not believe that this +was the famous mit we had, um, uh, + +02:31:47.022 --> 02:31:51.058 +still buildings that had been +built during World War ii, uh, + +02:31:51.058 --> 02:31:55.042 +that were made out of asbestos +shingles and chainlink fences, + +02:31:55.042 --> 02:31:56.062 +and just looked miserable. + +02:31:57.078 --> 02:32:00.086 +Front door of the campus +is of course, the wonderful, + +02:32:00.086 --> 02:32:07.034 +iconic view of killing court and the +great dome and the columns and so forth. + +02:32:07.065 --> 02:32:09.002 +Absolutely beautiful. + +02:32:10.003 --> 02:32:13.090 +So there was a little something +in me that said, you know, + +02:32:13.090 --> 02:32:16.014 +wouldn't it be nice to +change this a little bit? + +02:32:16.014 --> 02:32:22.078 +And then that began to be built upon +by the things that needed to change a bit in + +02:32:22.078 --> 02:32:25.022 +the student and and +community, uh, culture. + +02:32:30.079 --> 02:32:34.066 +At the dawn of the new millennium, Charles +Vest had already been president for 10 + +02:32:34.066 --> 02:32:39.086 +years, molding the institute into the +modern mit The endowment was surging, + +02:32:39.086 --> 02:32:43.022 +which meant more buildings, more +institutes, and more prestige. + +02:32:56.046 --> 02:32:59.047 +President Vest remembered +the promises he had made. + +02:33:01.028 --> 02:33:07.007 +In 2002, construction of Simmons Hall +was completed creating space for 300 more + +02:33:07.007 --> 02:33:08.011 +undergraduate students. + +02:33:10.041 --> 02:33:14.007 +The birth of Simmons finally made +possible a Landmark Institute policy. + +02:33:14.078 --> 02:33:19.019 +From that point forward, all MIT freshmen +would be required to live on campus. + +02:33:21.064 --> 02:33:25.043 +As students moved into Simmons, +and Rush was severely regulated, + +02:33:26.035 --> 02:33:31.055 +President Vest was seizing his opportunity +to correct the excesses of student life + +02:33:31.055 --> 02:33:32.019 +at mit. + +02:33:32.036 --> 02:33:36.091 +So this set us up for some, +um, some real tensions and, + +02:33:36.091 --> 02:33:44.031 +and many of us felt that we were not +kind of engaging the students in a broader + +02:33:44.067 --> 02:33:50.055 +academic community as undergraduates, +that their loyalty was to small housing + +02:33:50.055 --> 02:33:54.011 +groups that might be an +independent living group, + +02:33:54.011 --> 02:33:58.067 +might be a floor in the dormitory, literally +might be a fraternity or a sorority. + +02:33:59.057 --> 02:34:03.007 +But because of the pressure, they +sought out these small groups. + +02:34:03.017 --> 02:34:07.051 +And historically they had gotten +very great support out of that, + +02:34:08.013 --> 02:34:12.051 +But still there was just some +underlying things and some, uh, + +02:34:12.051 --> 02:34:17.007 +sort of social trends that had started +back in the seventies that had never quite + +02:34:17.019 --> 02:34:18.007 +been given up. + +02:34:18.076 --> 02:34:20.095 +So there was a lot of +that that had to be done, + +02:34:21.001 --> 02:34:25.043 +and a bit of what I just called +sanding down around the edges. + +02:34:25.043 --> 02:34:30.011 +You know, you want this to be +an intense, rigorous education. + +02:34:30.011 --> 02:34:34.039 +That's what we do at mit, but you +don't want to become a parody itself. + +02:34:34.092 --> 02:34:41.059 +So we did feel that we had to do some +things to kind of brighten and lighten up the + +02:34:41.059 --> 02:34:43.035 +environment, uh, a little bit. + +02:34:46.073 --> 02:34:47.015 +See, + +02:34:47.053 --> 02:34:49.043 +MIT has a very unique housing system. + +02:34:49.078 --> 02:34:54.015 +Unlike other schools which randomly +assign you to a freshman dorm at mit, + +02:34:54.015 --> 02:34:55.023 +you have a choice in where you live. + +02:34:55.060 --> 02:34:59.087 +We have 11 dormitories and five cultural +houses, all with their own personality, + +02:34:59.087 --> 02:35:01.015 +traditions and quirks. + +02:35:01.035 --> 02:35:04.051 +Above all, we want you to live in +a place where you feel comfortable. + +02:35:04.095 --> 02:35:06.059 +Three, two, + +02:35:38.029 --> 02:35:39.007 +But never. + +02:36:45.059 --> 02:36:49.033 +The pilot doesn't have to take care of +stabilization of the system that that's done + +02:36:49.033 --> 02:36:50.057 +by automatic control system. + +02:36:50.084 --> 02:36:56.009 +What we have contributed, uh, is +autonomous aggressive maneuvering. + +02:37:13.067 --> 02:37:18.001 +The expanded research structure driven +by the vest administration was thriving and + +02:37:18.005 --> 02:37:21.077 +MIT's prestige continued to grow as +college admissions nationally became more + +02:37:21.077 --> 02:37:26.005 +competitive. President Vest fundraising +campaign was reaching new heights, + +02:37:26.005 --> 02:37:30.025 +raising money from aex of high net worth +individuals who had recently begun playing + +02:37:30.025 --> 02:37:32.005 +a larger role in MIT's financing. + +02:37:53.006 --> 02:37:57.085 +By the early two thousands, MIT was well +endowed with three core funding pipelines + +02:37:58.036 --> 02:38:02.029 +from the federal government, private +industry, and wealthy individuals. + +02:38:02.083 --> 02:38:06.049 +And as the government's financing +continue to wane the latitude, + +02:38:06.049 --> 02:38:07.073 +we're happy to fill in the gaps. + +02:38:11.059 --> 02:38:12.001 +One + +02:38:12.001 --> 02:38:15.089 +Of the great monuments of the modern +MIT is the Ray and Maria data Center, + +02:38:16.073 --> 02:38:20.009 +designed by a now architect, Frank +Gary, and built on top of building 20 + +02:38:23.068 --> 02:38:28.005 +this data center housed the computer science +and artificial intelligence lab or sea + +02:38:28.005 --> 02:38:32.089 +sale, a merger between the laboratory +for computer science and Marvin Minsky's AI + +02:38:32.089 --> 02:38:33.005 +Lab. + +02:38:34.073 --> 02:38:37.013 +Frank wanted to try some new materials. + +02:38:37.013 --> 02:38:39.057 +He was enthralled over the +idea of building in Boston. + +02:38:40.019 --> 02:38:42.021 +You know, this building's largely brick. + +02:38:42.090 --> 02:38:48.017 +So he was quite invested in this building, +spent a lot of time understanding how + +02:38:48.017 --> 02:38:51.001 +the students and the faculty +live and work and what we need. + +02:38:51.010 --> 02:38:55.027 +He conceived this student's street idea +that would, would bring people together. + +02:38:56.009 --> 02:39:01.027 +But what the world was seeing in +the early days was the sort of, uh, + +02:39:01.027 --> 02:39:04.051 +helicopter view of photographs +and models and things. + +02:39:04.051 --> 02:39:07.007 +Believe me, a lot of people +didn't like what they saw. + +02:39:09.094 --> 02:39:13.099 +Well, it's, it's, it's a +very interesting building. + +02:39:14.014 --> 02:39:15.071 +You're in the state building. + +02:39:15.071 --> 02:39:17.075 +Yeah, it's right on top. Building 20. + +02:39:17.075 --> 02:39:18.071 +Used to be, but right. + +02:39:19.062 --> 02:39:21.023 +It's not really a place to work. + +02:39:21.078 --> 02:39:23.015 +I do my work at home, though + +02:39:24.065 --> 02:39:29.027 +The 300 million research facility was +funded by a number of wealthy MIT alumni. + +02:39:30.072 --> 02:39:35.083 +Besides waste data donors included +Moist Chang and Alexander Dryfus. + +02:39:39.078 --> 02:39:43.027 +Bill Gates also donated, +although he went to Harvard. + +02:39:48.041 --> 02:39:52.012 +At the height of this expansion, President +Vest announced one of the most + +02:39:52.012 --> 02:39:53.076 +revolutionary projects of his career. + +02:39:56.046 --> 02:39:59.016 +MIT Open Courseware, unlocking knowledge. + +02:40:07.001 --> 02:40:13.028 +In 2003, MIT launched Open Courseware +or O C W. The initiative released most of the + +02:40:13.028 --> 02:40:16.000 +institute's educational content +onto the internet for free. + +02:40:16.037 --> 02:40:20.056 +It was a groundbreaking step in the movement +for open access to education and the + +02:40:20.056 --> 02:40:22.016 +use of digital platforms for learning. + +02:40:23.019 --> 02:40:26.080 +Many professors and administrators thought +it would defeat the purpose of attending + +02:40:26.090 --> 02:40:29.068 +MIT in person, but vests +saw it differently. + +02:40:37.008 --> 02:40:42.000 +Meanwhile, MediaLab founder, Nicholas +Ponte, was also attempting to use the + +02:40:42.020 --> 02:40:43.052 +internet to make the +world a better place. + +02:40:46.006 --> 02:40:48.012 +One laptop per child, . + +02:40:48.012 --> 02:40:49.084 +That's our name and our vision. + +02:40:50.069 --> 02:40:54.044 +We want to create educational opportunities +for the world's poorest children by + +02:40:54.044 --> 02:40:58.036 +providing each and everyone with a rugged +lowcost, low power connected laptop. + +02:40:58.069 --> 02:41:01.028 +No matter what language they +speak or where they live, + +02:41:01.028 --> 02:41:05.048 +the exo connects them to each other, +to the world, and to a brighter future. + +02:41:05.094 --> 02:41:11.056 +Why would a kid in the developing world +need a laptop of all things when they might + +02:41:11.056 --> 02:41:15.096 +not have food? They probably, some +cases don't live beyond the age of five. + +02:41:15.096 --> 02:41:21.060 +They don't have drinking water, uh, and +the parents earn a dollar a day or less. + +02:41:22.059 --> 02:41:24.032 +Good grief. Why should +they have a laptop? + +02:41:26.095 --> 02:41:31.096 +Take the word laptop and substitute +the word education, and nobody would say + +02:41:31.096 --> 02:41:37.000 +That. Bringing education to children all +over the world with one laptop per child. + +02:41:46.053 --> 02:41:52.024 +My fellow citizens at this hour, American +and coalition forces are in the early + +02:41:52.024 --> 02:41:58.016 +stages of military operations to disarm +Iraq, to free its people and to defend the + +02:41:58.016 --> 02:41:59.024 +world from grave danger. + +02:42:00.021 --> 02:42:03.060 +On my orders, coalition +forces have began striking, + +02:42:03.060 --> 02:42:08.080 +selected targets of military importance +to undermine Saddam Hussain's ability to + +02:42:08.080 --> 02:42:09.032 +wage war. + +02:43:31.067 --> 02:43:37.070 +In 2004, after 14 years of service, Chuck +Fest stepped down from the presidency. + +02:43:40.012 --> 02:43:44.002 +The task of appointing his successor +was a difficult one, and ultimately, + +02:43:44.024 --> 02:43:48.062 +the MIT Corporation selected another outsider +to continue the proliferation of the + +02:43:48.062 --> 02:43:49.006 +institute + +02:43:54.012 --> 02:44:00.062 +Put quite simply, I want MIT to be the +dream of every child who wants to make the + +02:44:00.062 --> 02:44:01.038 +world a better place. + +02:44:04.074 --> 02:44:08.022 +Susan Hockfield did an undergraduate +study at the University of Rochester, + +02:44:08.022 --> 02:44:09.066 +earning a degree in biology. + +02:44:09.075 --> 02:44:14.054 +In 1973, she continued to research career +at the Georgetown University's School of + +02:44:14.070 --> 02:44:18.062 +Medicine and became an NIH Postdoctoral +Fellow at the University of California, + +02:44:18.086 --> 02:44:22.070 +San Francisco. She worked as a research +scientist at the Cold Spring Harbor + +02:44:22.070 --> 02:44:28.042 +Laboratory for five years, and in 1985, +she joined the faculty at Yale serving as a + +02:44:28.042 --> 02:44:30.094 +professor until her appointment +as provost in 2003. + +02:44:34.091 --> 02:44:38.074 +In 2004, she was appointed +the 16th president of mit. + +02:44:50.073 --> 02:44:56.050 +I owe a second, and most profound thanks +to all the MIT presidents who have come + +02:44:56.050 --> 02:44:56.550 +before. + +02:44:57.028 --> 02:45:00.012 +Especially those who +are here with us today. + +02:45:00.031 --> 02:45:04.052 +Howard Johnson, Paul +Gray, and Chuck Vest. + +02:45:05.002 --> 02:45:09.012 +And I am immensely grateful to these three +great leaders for sharing with me their + +02:45:09.012 --> 02:45:12.028 +institutional insight and +their abiding love for MIT + +02:45:15.004 --> 02:45:18.084 +President Hockfield built on the momentum +set by the Vest administration without + +02:45:18.084 --> 02:45:23.032 +missing a beat, applying her unique +perspective as MIT's first president. + +02:45:23.032 --> 02:45:27.032 +With the background in the Life Sciences +Hawk Field expanded MIT's footprint in + +02:45:27.032 --> 02:45:32.016 +biology in 2006, course 20 was +redesignated as bioengineering. + +02:45:32.034 --> 02:45:36.088 +And in 2011, President Hockfield launched +the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer + +02:45:37.032 --> 02:45:41.080 +Research. A basic cancer research center +comprising over 50 laboratories and 1000 + +02:45:42.004 --> 02:45:42.504 +researchers. + +02:45:51.073 --> 02:45:56.079 +All of you are, Hes to a legacy +of innovation, not just here, + +02:45:56.079 --> 02:46:01.055 +but across America that has improved +our health and our wellbeing and helped us + +02:46:01.055 --> 02:46:03.055 +achieve on parallel prosperity. + +02:46:04.009 --> 02:46:10.027 +You just get excited being here and seeing +these extraordinary young people, uh, + +02:46:10.053 --> 02:46:15.075 +and the extraordinary leadership +of Professor Hockfield, uh, because, + +02:46:15.075 --> 02:46:18.095 +because it taps into something +essential about America. + +02:46:23.032 --> 02:46:26.051 +In 2011, the final year +of her presidency, + +02:46:26.059 --> 02:46:30.011 +President Hockfield celebrated some +of the ultimate successes of her tenure. + +02:46:31.021 --> 02:46:34.063 +The opening of the Fairy Boys Massey +Hall marked the central achievement of + +02:46:34.063 --> 02:46:36.007 +Hockfield campaign for students. + +02:46:36.049 --> 02:46:40.015 +The new dormitory was actually a renovation +of one of the oldest buildings in + +02:46:40.015 --> 02:46:44.051 +Cambridge, a building older than campus +itself, which had been serving as a + +02:46:44.067 --> 02:46:47.039 +graduate student, residents +known as Ashtown until 2008. + +02:46:49.002 --> 02:46:53.007 +Like Simmons Hall Massey would +be designated as a tier one dorm, + +02:46:53.042 --> 02:46:56.059 +boasting some of the most sanitized +living conditions on campus. + +02:46:57.057 --> 02:47:02.023 +The renovation of Massey created +space for over 450 more undergraduates. + +02:47:02.085 --> 02:47:07.011 +2011 also marked 150 years +since the institute's founded. + +02:47:07.053 --> 02:47:11.051 +And just like any proud parent, President +Hawk Field celebrated by throwing a + +02:47:11.051 --> 02:47:12.039 +massive birthday party. + +02:47:14.001 --> 02:47:14.099 +Celebrations + +02:47:14.099 --> 02:47:19.043 +Included a convocation with 8,000 +attendees and an outdoor art festival + +02:47:19.043 --> 02:47:20.043 +illuminating the campus. + +02:47:24.044 --> 02:47:29.099 +It was also an MIT open house, a free +public science fair with 20,000 visitors + +02:47:29.099 --> 02:47:32.015 +exploring innovation and +research across campus. + +02:47:55.024 --> 02:48:00.000 +As part of the centennial activities, +MIT also conducted a massive oral history + +02:48:00.000 --> 02:48:03.096 +project, recording interviews with dozens +of longtime members of the MIT community + +02:48:03.096 --> 02:48:05.088 +and publishing them on +the internet for free. + +02:48:07.008 --> 02:48:11.084 +Professor Chomsky, thank you for talking +with us for this series of interviews + +02:48:11.084 --> 02:48:15.012 +being recorded for MIT's CSWE Centennial. + +02:48:16.035 --> 02:48:23.016 +You've been at MIT since 1955 for virtually +your whole career and for more than a + +02:48:23.016 --> 02:48:24.064 +third of MIT's existence. + +02:48:26.033 --> 02:48:31.048 +Is it still as hospitable a +place for you as it was then? + +02:48:32.079 --> 02:48:34.092 +Well, that's, it's, it's grown a lot. + +02:48:35.001 --> 02:48:38.048 +So in, in the mid fifties, you +kind of knew everybody, you know, + +02:48:38.048 --> 02:48:43.020 +so you had a question, you wanted +to talk to the provost, you know, + +02:48:43.020 --> 02:48:44.080 +he's a personal friend and so on. + +02:48:44.080 --> 02:48:49.020 +But, uh, now it's, uh, +far for each individual. + +02:48:49.023 --> 02:48:53.044 +It's kind of more impersonal because +it's so much larger and more complex. + +02:48:53.044 --> 02:48:59.000 +But it remains, uh, it, in my experience, +pretty much same kind of place, + +02:49:00.089 --> 02:49:03.064 +Uh, as one man I can see. + +02:49:03.075 --> 02:49:05.056 +I wonder whatever happened to him. + +02:49:06.061 --> 02:49:08.012 +He was a very angry man. + +02:49:09.097 --> 02:49:10.032 +Uh, + +02:49:12.053 --> 02:49:16.088 +Despite only serving for eight years, +President Uckfield made a remarkable + +02:49:16.088 --> 02:49:19.028 +impression on the institute, +and under her leadership, + +02:49:19.070 --> 02:49:23.008 +MIT matured into the globally connected +temple of research that it is today. + +02:49:24.081 --> 02:49:29.072 +In 14 years, Chuck Vest +raised 3.5 billion in gifts. + +02:49:30.024 --> 02:49:33.060 +Susan Hockfield raised the +same amount in half the time, + +02:49:34.022 --> 02:49:55.060 +and a 10 saw the endowment expand +by 73% by the early 2010s, + +02:49:55.082 --> 02:49:58.004 +the terraforming of Cambridge +was in full force. + +02:50:00.096 --> 02:50:06.039 +In 2011, MIT received approval for a +700 million overhaul of its properties in + +02:50:06.039 --> 02:50:10.023 +Kendall Square. The eastern side of campus +known mostly for its parking lots and + +02:50:10.023 --> 02:50:20.099 +dilapidated factors. MIT's original plan +for expansion into Cambridge included only + +02:50:20.099 --> 02:50:22.027 +120 housing units. + +02:50:22.097 --> 02:50:25.099 +But in an echo of previous +conflicts with the community, + +02:50:26.019 --> 02:50:33.015 +local residents complained in response +to the demand for more housing in the area. + +02:50:33.041 --> 02:50:36.071 +The Hawk Field administration promised +that construction would include more luxury + +02:50:36.071 --> 02:50:39.079 +apartments and that MIT would +cultivate new life in the area. + +02:50:41.025 --> 02:50:45.059 +The overhaul was extremely successful, +and Kendall Square rapidly became a hub for + +02:50:45.059 --> 02:50:49.011 +big tech firms, biotech startups, +and pharmaceutical giants. + +02:51:17.010 --> 02:51:19.050 +MIT's campus was also experiencing +a turning point. + +02:51:20.027 --> 02:51:25.074 +In 2013, the iconic Bexley Hall sitting +directly across from the entrance of MIT + +02:51:25.096 --> 02:51:31.046 +had a problem. Its poorly maintained. + +02:51:31.058 --> 02:51:34.098 +Structure was becoming untenable, and +the administration was losing its patients. + +02:51:35.087 --> 02:51:41.070 +On May 7th, 2013 with final exams approaching, +MIT announced a three year closure + +02:51:41.070 --> 02:51:43.018 +of Bexley Hall for Innovations. + +02:51:49.028 --> 02:51:52.094 +The plan was to repair interior water +damage and other signs of age that render did + +02:51:53.005 --> 02:51:53.098 +unsafe to live. + +02:51:53.098 --> 02:51:59.098 +In Besley's 116 residents had two weeks +to prepare for their three year eviction + +02:52:00.004 --> 02:52:02.054 +and figure out how to preserve +this century old culture. + +02:52:04.032 --> 02:52:07.078 +But five months later, after initial +inspection of the building, + +02:52:08.034 --> 02:52:11.078 +MIT's department of facilities recommended +the total demolition of Bexley. + +02:52:12.035 --> 02:52:16.010 +In the administration's view, it was +too expensive to properly repair the dorm, + +02:52:16.024 --> 02:52:18.050 +and demolition would alleviate +many other headaches. + +02:52:27.093 --> 02:52:31.098 +Some report that during the demolition, +firefighters had to blast plumes of + +02:52:31.098 --> 02:52:34.034 +besley's dust and debris +away from the student center, + +02:52:34.055 --> 02:52:37.062 +as it likely contained asbestos +and countless other carcinogens. + +02:52:56.093 --> 02:53:38.019 +I can't believe he. + +02:55:21.008 --> 02:55:25.087 +In October, 2015, Bexley Park was established +in the place of the legendary dorm + +02:55:27.006 --> 02:55:31.043 +what was once an incubator for America's +counterculture and a hotbed for FBI. + +02:55:31.043 --> 02:55:34.067 +Investigations is now an additional +patch of green space. + +02:55:38.009 --> 02:55:42.027 +But when it came to major changes, +students had no reason to think that the + +02:55:42.027 --> 02:55:43.023 +administration would stop. + +02:55:43.023 --> 02:55:47.039 +At Bexley, MIT introduced new +regulations on student life, + +02:55:47.042 --> 02:55:51.047 +like heightened security at dormitory +entrances, mandatory approval of all parties + +02:55:51.065 --> 02:55:53.063 +and more patrols from the MIT police. + +02:56:07.044 --> 02:56:12.031 +In 2014, course 11, Professor Cynthia +Barnhart was appointed as chancellor, + +02:56:13.017 --> 02:56:15.083 +the primary authority +of a student life at mit. + +02:56:16.061 --> 02:56:20.007 +She often said that her priority +was the safety of all students. + +02:56:23.054 --> 02:56:27.071 +A few months into her administration, +she visited East Campus for a dinner with 60 + +02:56:27.071 --> 02:56:30.055 +of its residents. In anticipation +of this meeting, + +02:56:31.039 --> 02:56:33.067 +residents and alumni of +Senior House, Random Hall, + +02:56:33.074 --> 02:56:37.055 +Bexley and East Campus came together +to create, this is East side, + +02:56:37.090 --> 02:56:41.075 +a collection of personal essays, treatises +and vignettes that offered a glimpse + +02:56:41.075 --> 02:56:43.051 +into MIT's most cultured dorms. + +02:56:49.020 --> 02:56:53.019 +Despite an out cry of love and support +for MIT's stranger dorms from students, + +02:56:53.019 --> 02:56:56.055 +alumni, and professors, the project +could not hold back the tide + +02:56:58.098 --> 02:57:02.067 +a new administration was forming, and +the trends of the past few decades were only + +02:57:02.067 --> 02:57:03.015 +accelerating. + +02:57:07.075 --> 02:57:14.011 +Sorry for interrupting, but I just +wanted to wish the class of 2013 a hardy + +02:57:14.013 --> 02:57:16.099 +congratulations on your +graduation from mit. + +02:57:17.021 --> 02:57:21.039 +You know, you were the first class that +I admitted as the Dean of Admissions, + +02:57:21.067 --> 02:57:24.027 +which makes you particularly special. + +02:57:25.012 --> 02:57:30.043 +We admitted you to MIT because we knew +that you were awesome and you were gonna do + +02:57:30.043 --> 02:57:33.003 +great things on our campus and beyond. + +02:57:33.005 --> 02:57:36.059 +And I wanna wish you well +as you go out into the world, + +02:57:37.008 --> 02:57:39.079 +be awesome and make the +world a better place. + +02:57:54.089 --> 02:57:59.086 +Well, the military is somewhat +under misunderstood. + +02:57:59.089 --> 02:58:04.058 +I think actually I'm a pretty +good position to know it. + +02:58:04.058 --> 02:58:09.078 +I've been at MIT for, I don't +know, 65 years, 60 years I guess, + +02:58:10.020 --> 02:58:16.010 +and MIT is a good example of one crucial +function to the military system. + +02:58:16.079 --> 02:58:24.018 +Uh, for many years, right into the 1970s, +MIT was almost a hundred percent funded + +02:58:24.018 --> 02:58:30.038 +by the Pentagon. Uh, it was also the main +academic center of resistance against the + +02:58:30.038 --> 02:58:31.022 +Vietnam War. + +02:58:31.091 --> 02:58:35.026 +Uh, my lab, in fact, was one +of the main academic centers. + +02:58:36.009 --> 02:58:37.082 +I was up for a long jail sentence. + +02:58:38.020 --> 02:58:39.082 +The Pentagon didn't give a damn. + +02:58:40.023 --> 02:58:42.042 +If you wanna overthrow the +country, that's your business. + +02:58:42.042 --> 02:58:46.030 +They don't care, you know, But what they +did give a damn about is they're creating + +02:58:46.030 --> 02:58:48.038 +the next phase of the high tech economy. + +02:58:49.020 --> 02:58:54.034 +The Pentagon was, and remains to +a large extent, a kind of a funnel, uh, + +02:58:54.047 --> 02:58:59.035 +but to which taxpayers poor +funds diluted into thinking. + +02:58:59.035 --> 02:59:02.035 +You know, we're defending ourselves +from whoever it may be, + +02:59:02.085 --> 02:59:08.039 +and the money goes into developing the, +uh, next phase of the high tech economy. + +02:59:08.080 --> 02:59:14.015 +So if you use a computer or you +use the internet, uh, uh, you know, + +02:59:14.015 --> 02:59:18.011 +you fly an airplane, which +is a modified bomber and so on, + +02:59:18.046 --> 02:59:24.055 +you're taking advantage of the role +of the dynamic state sector, of the + +02:59:29.015 --> 02:59:31.027 +Economy's dramatic facelifts of campus. + +02:59:31.027 --> 02:59:34.091 +And Cambridge would be continued by +President who for the first time since + +02:59:34.091 --> 02:59:37.019 +Paul Gray was an MIT insight. + +02:59:40.028 --> 02:59:44.027 +Raphael wife was born in Venezuela to +Jewish refugee parents who had fled the Nazi + +02:59:44.027 --> 02:59:45.015 +advance in Eastern Europe. + +02:59:48.096 --> 02:59:52.067 +He did his undergraduate study in +Venezuela at the University of Carbo, + +02:59:52.067 --> 02:59:54.063 +earning his degree in +electrical engineering. + +02:59:54.063 --> 02:59:59.079 +In 1973, he came to the United +States for graduate school. + +03:00:00.000 --> 03:00:02.040 +Earning a PhD from Stanford in 1979. + +03:00:07.005 --> 03:00:11.000 +In 1980, he joined the MIT faculty +as an assistant professor of electrical + +03:00:11.020 --> 03:00:13.036 +engineering receiving tenure in 1985. + +03:00:14.093 --> 03:00:20.048 +In 2004, he was named the Far Boy's Massey +Professor of Emerging Technology and was + +03:00:20.048 --> 03:00:25.044 +named Provost. A year later, he served +his provost at the Institute for seven + +03:00:25.044 --> 03:00:30.080 +years. And in 2012, Rafael wife was +appointed the 17th president of mit. + +03:00:39.072 --> 03:00:43.028 +Susan Hockfield passed the baton to +president right in a smooth transition of + +03:00:43.028 --> 03:00:49.016 +power. One of the first initiatives to +accelerate under the Rife administration was + +03:00:49.036 --> 03:00:54.084 +edX. edX was an evolved form of MIT X. +It was a partnership between MIT and Harvard + +03:00:54.084 --> 03:00:58.048 +to advance the goal of giving high quality +and free online education to users + +03:00:58.048 --> 03:01:04.028 +across the world. Today, edX has +grown to a cooperation between over 160 + +03:01:04.028 --> 03:01:07.024 +institutions, and it has reached +tens of millions of students + +03:01:07.048 --> 03:01:07.548 +Globally. + +03:01:17.006 --> 03:01:20.064 +Administration was dedicated to strengthening +the entrepreneurial spirit of the + +03:01:20.064 --> 03:01:28.020 +modern mit. In 2016, MIT announced the +engine, a deep tech startup incubator, + +03:01:28.020 --> 03:01:31.080 +which provided portfolio companies with +both financial capital and access to the + +03:01:31.080 --> 03:01:33.020 +institute's advanced research labs + +03:01:34.097 --> 03:01:35.064 +Through + +03:01:35.064 --> 03:01:39.020 +The engine. MIT's fundamental research +could be more easily commercialized. + +03:01:40.049 --> 03:01:46.008 +In the same year, MIT launched Sandbox, +a program that supplied any MIT student or + +03:01:46.008 --> 03:01:48.064 +faculty member with mentorship +and cash for their new startup. + +03:01:55.067 --> 03:02:00.068 +2016 was an encouraging year for MIT's +future and also an important milestone in + +03:02:00.068 --> 03:02:04.096 +its history. Five years after +celebrating its 150th anniversary, + +03:02:05.042 --> 03:02:06.084 +MIT celebrated its centennial. + +03:02:08.078 --> 03:02:12.072 +MIT 2016 marked the hundredth anniversary +of MIT's move from Boston to Cambridge. + +03:02:13.026 --> 03:02:16.040 +The institute celebrated with special +events from February through June. + +03:02:16.094 --> 03:02:20.020 +One of the most notable events was +an open house held on April 23rd, + +03:02:20.046 --> 03:02:22.044 +one week after campus, PV weekend. + +03:02:24.065 --> 03:02:27.056 +It was similar to the open +house of the 2011 celebrations, + +03:02:27.066 --> 03:02:29.068 +but executed at an even larger scale. + +03:02:30.017 --> 03:02:34.016 +It was a science fair of science fairs, +a so-called Disneyland for nerds. + +03:02:34.086 --> 03:02:39.060 +For five hours on a Saturday, MIT opened +its doors to the public and 20,000 + +03:02:39.060 --> 03:02:42.064 +visitors toward more than 150 +labs and spaces around campus. + +03:02:45.006 --> 03:02:50.040 +Two weeks later, the campus celebrated +moving day, the flagship event of MIT 2016, + +03:02:55.000 --> 03:02:55.500 +Somewhere + +03:02:57.079 --> 03:02:58.064 +Beyond the + +03:02:58.064 --> 03:03:01.072 +Sea reminiscent of the +original moving day. + +03:03:01.072 --> 03:03:06.000 +In 1916, the MIT community crossed from +Boston to Cambridge by various methods + +03:03:06.000 --> 03:03:10.088 +Stands on golden watches. + +03:03:10.088 --> 03:03:20.016 +The ships somewhere the sea. + +03:03:21.024 --> 03:03:23.096 +She's there watching for me. + +03:03:25.089 --> 03:03:28.012 +If I could fly like birds, + +03:03:30.059 --> 03:03:31.008 +Then + +03:03:31.028 --> 03:03:41.024 +Straight to it's, they understand + +03:03:42.046 --> 03:03:45.036 +The festivities culminated on +May 7th with a toaster attack, + +03:03:45.074 --> 03:03:49.044 +the closing ceremony on Cleon Court through +with the MIT community coming together + +03:03:49.044 --> 03:03:50.076 +to celebrate MIT success. + +03:03:51.073 --> 03:04:02.052 +We a short from Boston to Cambridge of +360 1 4 suites plus minus one year journey + +03:04:02.052 --> 03:04:05.024 +from the industrial age +to the technology age, + +03:04:05.035 --> 03:04:10.032 +from a vocational school to a quality +technique university in the greatest research + +03:04:10.032 --> 03:04:14.028 +tradition, from a assortment +of buildings to the unified, + +03:04:15.015 --> 03:04:23.028 +from a local institution to a global, +from Boston Tech to Massachusetts Institutes + +03:04:23.028 --> 03:04:23.528 +technology. + +03:04:29.070 --> 03:04:34.040 +How about architectural genius +and Pritzker Prize winner I, + +03:04:38.061 --> 03:04:40.004 +Richard Fineman. + +03:05:09.039 --> 03:05:14.074 +In 2016, under President Life's Leadership, +MIT finally accomplished its mission. + +03:05:15.052 --> 03:05:18.002 +MIT had finally made a better world. + +03:05:19.008 --> 03:05:22.039 +The better World fundraising campaign +was President Re's continuation of the + +03:05:22.039 --> 03:05:23.074 +tradition set by his predecessors. + +03:05:24.097 --> 03:05:28.090 +Its aim was to supply the institute with +the funding necessary to secure its status + +03:05:28.090 --> 03:05:30.063 +as an elite global institution. + +03:05:31.052 --> 03:05:36.018 +The campaign was extremely successful, +raising $3 billion in five months. + +03:05:37.048 --> 03:05:41.063 +The funding provided resources for the +renovation of building nine and building two + +03:05:46.068 --> 03:05:49.066 +MIT Better World also enabled +the construction of W 97, + +03:05:50.042 --> 03:06:13.014 +building 12 and the new +MIT Museum Re's campaign. + +03:06:13.014 --> 03:06:17.082 +Also, boy, new initiatives and research +centers, including the Bennett W Go Center + +03:06:17.082 --> 03:06:22.010 +for Finance and Policy, the Hawk, +ean and Kay Lisa Young Center for Autism + +03:06:22.039 --> 03:06:25.039 +Research. The Abdu Latif +Jamil World Education Lab, + +03:06:25.092 --> 03:06:28.050 +The Abdu Latif Jamille Clinic +for Machine Learning and Health. + +03:06:28.076 --> 03:06:30.098 +And the Stephen a Schwarzman +College of Computing. + +03:06:38.061 --> 03:06:42.039 +MIT ended its 2017 academic year +with another massive celebration. + +03:06:43.001 --> 03:06:47.035 +One world at MIT was a festival showcasing +the diversity and talent within the MIT + +03:06:47.035 --> 03:06:53.064 +community. On a Saturday afternoon in +April, 1600 members of the community came + +03:06:53.088 --> 03:06:56.067 +together to watch performances from +student groups and cultural organizations. + +03:06:59.051 --> 03:07:00.007 +Later + +03:07:00.007 --> 03:07:04.039 +In the evening, the number of attendees +grew to 9,000 with students, faculty, + +03:07:04.053 --> 03:07:07.059 +and staff dancing together under +four culturally themed tents. + +03:07:10.041 --> 03:07:14.080 +The event was another resounding success, +and all levels of the MIT community + +03:07:14.080 --> 03:07:19.023 +looked forward to the second annual of +what students had begun to call 10 parties. + +03:08:29.039 --> 03:08:34.066 +So many people at mit, let me tell +you, MIT right now, y'all in a box. + +03:08:36.001 --> 03:08:37.066 +They have you in a box. + +03:08:37.066 --> 03:08:41.066 +You can save the world, but you are +working on things that are too small. + +03:08:41.077 --> 03:08:46.078 +Take a step back, Stop worrying about, +stop worrying about your college, uh, + +03:08:46.078 --> 03:08:51.058 +your loans. Stop worrying about what +job that they got waiting for you in Silicon + +03:08:51.058 --> 03:08:53.026 +Valley, mit. + +03:08:53.026 --> 03:08:54.047 +You can save the world. + +03:08:54.081 --> 03:08:55.070 +Kids in college. + +03:08:55.070 --> 03:08:58.034 +You could save the world. I'll put +my life on this interview right now. + +03:08:58.069 --> 03:08:59.082 +It's up to y'all. + +03:08:59.082 --> 03:09:01.055 +Y'all. The future, y'all. + +03:09:01.055 --> 03:09:03.094 +The future. But what y'all working +on right now working on, + +03:09:03.094 --> 03:09:08.018 +I'm working on this 3D printed thing +that is funded by, funded by Judo, + +03:09:08.043 --> 03:09:09.074 +Jeffrey Epstein. + +03:09:16.003 --> 03:09:20.023 +In September, 2019, the MIT Media +Lab was making national news. + +03:09:22.032 --> 03:09:26.014 +Its director at the time was Joey +Ito, a DJ turned entrepreneur, + +03:09:26.014 --> 03:09:28.006 +who had been leading the lab since 2011. + +03:09:29.011 --> 03:09:32.058 +He was excellent at communicating science +and technology to a general audience. + +03:09:34.045 --> 03:09:37.006 +Joey's the expert, so +I'm gonna defer to him. + +03:09:37.039 --> 03:09:41.006 +Uh, but my, my general +observation, as you said, + +03:09:41.007 --> 03:09:46.026 +is that it is seeping into our lives +in all sorts of ways that we just don't + +03:09:46.026 --> 03:09:47.010 +notice. Mm-hmm. + +03:09:47.014 --> 03:09:50.094 +, I feel like +this is the year that, uh, + +03:09:50.094 --> 03:09:54.063 +artificial intelligence becomes +not just the computer science problem, + +03:09:54.081 --> 03:09:56.006 +but something that. + +03:09:56.030 --> 03:10:00.048 +The White House that I, I've been +working very closely with a fryer in the + +03:10:00.048 --> 03:10:03.095 +Dominican order who's trying +to understand, um, you know, + +03:10:03.095 --> 03:10:07.027 +Bitcoin encryption and ai, um, from +the perspective of the Catholics. + +03:10:07.027 --> 03:10:10.027 +And so, so I think that, that a lot +of other people need to be involved, + +03:10:10.027 --> 03:10:13.015 +and the difficulty has been that +the computer science community, + +03:10:13.016 --> 03:10:15.007 +they're not an easy gang to talk to. + +03:10:15.014 --> 03:10:19.019 +And so, and I think, you know, the White +House here, your, your team and yourself. + +03:10:19.019 --> 03:10:23.080 +I, you've, you've probably gotten your +head around this more than any other, um, + +03:10:23.084 --> 03:10:25.043 +anybody else in, in history. + +03:10:25.043 --> 03:10:28.064 +And it's, it's good timing because +I think everybody needs to understand it. + +03:10:28.064 --> 03:10:29.051 +And I think that that's + +03:10:29.057 --> 03:10:34.015 +On August 15th, Joey Ito apologized to +the Media Lab community for his relationship + +03:10:34.015 --> 03:10:37.083 +with Jeff Leary Epstein for visiting +his estates and for allowing Epstein to + +03:10:37.083 --> 03:10:41.027 +contribute money to +the lab in recom Pence. + +03:10:41.057 --> 03:10:45.072 +He vowed to return the Epstein money +and to fundraised the equivalent amount to + +03:10:45.072 --> 03:10:48.023 +donate non-profits that help +survivors of sex trafficking. + +03:10:49.022 --> 03:10:51.080 +Ito claimed to have no knowledge +of Epstein's horrific crimes, + +03:10:51.090 --> 03:10:55.075 +and he ended his apology by inviting any +member of the Media Lab community to reach + +03:10:55.075 --> 03:10:56.072 +out to him directly. + +03:10:58.010 --> 03:11:01.080 +Within 45 minutes, a flowy +of emails came storming in. + +03:11:03.086 --> 03:11:09.023 +Some people challenged Joey Ito's apology +and claims of ignorance while others + +03:11:09.023 --> 03:11:12.051 +stood up for him and pointed fingers +at the system that allowed for a man like + +03:11:12.051 --> 03:11:14.003 +Jeffrey Epstein to get close to the lab. + +03:11:15.040 --> 03:11:20.019 +After a day, the discourse was moved to +a scheduled town hall meeting to be held in + +03:11:20.019 --> 03:11:21.015 +person at the media lab. + +03:11:25.082 --> 03:11:30.011 +Over time, it was revealed that Jeffrey +Epstein consistently visited the media lab + +03:11:30.011 --> 03:11:33.035 +throughout the 2010s to meet MIT's +top scientists and administrators. + +03:11:37.003 --> 03:11:39.075 +Epstein's presence at the media +lab was always difficult to hide. + +03:11:40.025 --> 03:11:43.040 +The conference rooms are made of +glass and meeting calendars are public. + +03:11:44.027 --> 03:11:47.091 +Peter Cohen, the director of the +Media Lab's funding and expansion, + +03:11:47.098 --> 03:11:51.019 +cooperated with ETO to conceal +Jeffrey Epstein's donations, + +03:11:51.044 --> 03:11:54.015 +mocking them as anonymous +and using the secret code. + +03:11:54.025 --> 03:11:56.075 +Jay, when mocking the +calendars for his visits. + +03:12:05.036 --> 03:12:08.035 +Jeffrey Epstein was a billionaire +child sex trafficker. + +03:12:10.048 --> 03:12:14.032 +He first entered the public eye in the +1990s when the media described him as a + +03:12:14.032 --> 03:12:17.056 +successful hedge fund manager who went +on lavish trips around the world with his + +03:12:18.003 --> 03:12:26.057 +friends. Epstein described himself +as a philanthropist of science. + +03:12:29.007 --> 03:12:33.006 +He offended the world's top academics +and innovators invited them to as many + +03:12:33.006 --> 03:12:36.025 +estates around the world, funding their +labs, and promoting their research. + +03:12:38.028 --> 03:12:43.073 +Marvin Minsky is a computer scientist, +and he is widely recognized as, uh, + +03:12:43.073 --> 03:12:46.085 +one of the founders, perhaps the +founder of artificial intelligence, + +03:12:47.001 --> 03:12:49.009 +cognitive science, and robotics. + +03:12:49.050 --> 03:12:53.041 +He is responsible among other things, +for the first neural network simulator, + +03:12:53.041 --> 03:12:56.035 +the first computer simulation +of semantic memory. + +03:12:56.077 --> 03:13:00.056 +But, uh, perhaps most significantly, +he was, uh, + +03:13:00.056 --> 03:13:06.043 +inspired Arthur C. Clark when he was, +uh, writing 2001 a Space Odyssey and served + +03:13:06.052 --> 03:13:10.043 +as consultant for that movie, +uh, in particular for the computer. + +03:13:10.045 --> 03:13:16.003 +How, uh, Marvin Minsky is Professor of +Media Arts and Sciences Emeritus at mit. + +03:13:18.016 --> 03:13:21.023 +Jeffrey Epstein was particularly +close with Marvin Minsky. + +03:13:21.055 --> 03:13:26.007 +They organized two academic conferences +together, one in 2002 on artificial + +03:13:26.007 --> 03:13:29.015 +intelligence and another +in 2012 on existential visc. + +03:13:30.085 --> 03:13:34.040 +The conference withheld on Epstein's +private island, Little St. + +03:13:34.040 --> 03:13:40.032 +James, Virginia. + +03:13:40.032 --> 03:13:44.091 +Jeffrey, a victim and survivor of Jeffrey +Epstein, later named Marvin Minsky. + +03:13:44.091 --> 03:13:47.023 +Among the powerful men, she +was directed to have sex with. + +03:13:52.008 --> 03:13:52.508 +Jeffrey + +03:13:53.011 --> 03:13:55.011 +Epstein went to jail just +before 10 this morning. + +03:13:55.024 --> 03:13:56.095 +He pleaded guilty in open court. + +03:13:57.032 --> 03:14:00.083 +He agreed to serve a total of 18 months +in the Palm Beach Detention Facility. + +03:14:02.006 --> 03:14:06.011 +MIT professor Seth Lloyd visited Epstein +as he served time in the Florida jail for + +03:14:06.011 --> 03:14:08.048 +quote, for curing a +child for prostitution. + +03:14:08.088 --> 03:14:12.088 +Lloyd later explained his students during +the lecture that Jeffrey Epstein was very + +03:14:13.019 --> 03:14:20.019 +charming. Epstein continued his philanthropy +work after his 2008 conviction, + +03:14:20.030 --> 03:14:23.072 +and by all accounts, he continued +to traffic young women and girls. + +03:14:25.083 --> 03:14:30.023 +According to MIT's official +report, between 2013 and 2017, + +03:14:30.042 --> 03:14:33.064 +Joey ETO and Seth Lloyd invited +Epstein to campus nine times. + +03:14:35.018 --> 03:14:38.056 +Professors who accepted Epstein's +gifts would present their work to him, + +03:14:38.056 --> 03:14:41.088 +discuss hard-hitting ideas, and +make plans for future patronage. + +03:14:53.049 --> 03:14:57.059 +The email states that Joey ETO invited +MIT undergraduates to meet with Jeffrey + +03:14:57.088 --> 03:14:58.015 +Epstein, + +03:15:00.069 --> 03:15:01.059 +Billionaire + +03:15:01.083 --> 03:15:05.064 +Businessman, Jeffrey Epstein was arrested +in New York Saturday on federal charges + +03:15:05.064 --> 03:15:07.015 +related to sex trafficking. + +03:15:07.030 --> 03:15:11.048 +The 66 year old hedge fund manager +has long been accused of sexually abusing + +03:15:11.048 --> 03:15:12.040 +underage girls. + +03:15:12.073 --> 03:15:17.083 +In 2007, he pleaded guilty to two prostitution +counts in Florida as part of a + +03:15:17.083 --> 03:15:22.080 +controversial deal to avoid federal charges, +he was sentenced to 13 months in jail. + +03:15:23.033 --> 03:15:26.032 +MIT is facing more backlash +from its own staff. + +03:15:26.040 --> 03:15:30.003 +After it was revealed, the school +took money from Jeffrey Epstein. + +03:15:30.032 --> 03:15:34.032 +At least two high profile researchers +have reportedly announced plans to resign in + +03:15:34.032 --> 03:15:34.532 +protests. + +03:15:37.008 --> 03:15:42.015 +On September 4th, 2019, the media lab +held a town hall to address the growing + +03:15:42.015 --> 03:15:48.032 +scandal. Professors, administrators, graduate +students, and MIT undergrads gathered + +03:15:48.032 --> 03:15:51.080 +to hear from Nicholas Negroponte, +the founder of the Media Lab himself. + +03:15:52.097 --> 03:15:57.027 +He also had a decade long relationship +with Jeffrey Epstein and was known to have + +03:15:57.027 --> 03:15:58.059 +flown on Epstein's private jet, + +03:15:59.007 --> 03:16:07.007 +A building full of interdisciplinary +people who all had as a common vision making + +03:16:07.007 --> 03:16:08.027 +the world a better place. + +03:16:11.040 --> 03:16:14.080 +At the end of the Town Hall, +Nego Ponte reminded his audience, + +03:16:15.013 --> 03:16:18.043 +If you wind back the clock, +I would still say Take it. + +03:16:29.063 --> 03:16:34.023 +Upon further investigation, MIT revealed +that President Rafael Life signed a thank + +03:16:34.023 --> 03:16:38.056 +you note to Jeffrey Epstein In 2012, after +Epstein donated another six figure gift + +03:16:38.056 --> 03:16:39.056 +to Professor Seth Lloyd. + +03:16:40.073 --> 03:16:43.003 +It was the sixth week +of life's presidency. + +03:16:49.065 --> 03:16:53.015 +In exchange for their support, the federal +government and private corporations + +03:16:53.015 --> 03:16:55.080 +largely seek MIT's intellectual +property and talent. + +03:16:58.068 --> 03:16:59.035 +However, + +03:16:59.085 --> 03:17:02.067 +The quid pro quo for wealthy +individuals is more personal. + +03:17:03.003 --> 03:17:06.011 +Which donors of MIT get to +share the institute's prestige. + +03:17:06.055 --> 03:17:10.048 +They are invited to attend MIT's galas, +and they rub shoulders with top professors. + +03:17:12.025 --> 03:17:16.059 +MIT has an entire administrative apparatus +to celebrate and appease these donors + +03:17:16.083 --> 03:17:18.095 +whose intentions may vary wildly. + +03:17:21.080 --> 03:17:23.098 +At the time of the controversy +at the Media Lab, + +03:17:24.005 --> 03:17:26.055 +the new facility was only +about seven years old. + +03:17:27.024 --> 03:17:30.078 +The hundred million building was +designed by a noun Japanese architect, + +03:17:30.078 --> 03:17:35.007 +Fujiko Maki, and was constructed as a +direct extension of the Media Lab's original + +03:17:35.007 --> 03:17:37.039 +Reasoner building designed by imp. + +03:17:39.053 --> 03:17:42.075 +The building is also about +65 feet from Senior House. + +03:17:47.023 --> 03:17:51.035 +Senior House was MIT's first +dormitory established in 1916. + +03:17:52.024 --> 03:17:57.015 +Similar to Bexley Hall, Senior House +was filled with mules lo and tradition. + +03:17:57.065 --> 03:18:02.015 +However, unlike Bexley, the senior +house building was in fine shape, + +03:18:02.077 --> 03:18:06.023 +but the new administration was increasingly +unhappy with senior house students + +03:18:09.005 --> 03:18:10.023 +in June, 2016. + +03:18:10.048 --> 03:18:14.040 +As both MIT and Senior House wrapped +up their centennial Chancellor, + +03:18:14.040 --> 03:18:16.003 +Cynthia Barnhardt made an announcement. + +03:18:16.059 --> 03:18:20.011 +After extensive research, data +collection and committee meetings, + +03:18:20.034 --> 03:18:23.059 +Barnhart announced that no freshman would +be allowed to move into senior house in + +03:18:23.059 --> 03:18:24.056 +the fall of 2016. + +03:18:28.057 --> 03:18:30.024 +She revealed some concerning statistics. + +03:18:30.094 --> 03:18:35.091 +From 2004 to 20 15, 80 4% of MIT students +earned their undergraduate degree in four + +03:18:35.091 --> 03:18:38.064 +years, and just 7.5% dropped out. + +03:18:39.022 --> 03:18:41.083 +But for students who began their +freshman year in senior house, + +03:18:41.098 --> 03:18:46.064 +the four year graduation rate was +only 60%, and the dropout rate was 21%. + +03:18:49.050 --> 03:18:53.075 +Barnhart also cited credible concerns +of illegal drug use at Senior House and her + +03:18:53.075 --> 03:18:56.019 +genital sense that it was an +unsafe environment for students. + +03:19:01.059 --> 03:19:05.040 +After massive outcry from students and +alumni for this potentially fatal blow to + +03:19:05.040 --> 03:19:08.003 +senior house, the tech printed +the administration's response. + +03:19:09.049 --> 03:19:11.099 +The chancellor states that +this is not a punitive measure. + +03:19:12.002 --> 03:19:16.015 +Rather, it is a move to support dorm +residents and foster academic success and + +03:19:16.015 --> 03:19:20.019 +community wellbeing. Cynthia Barnhardt +promised to work with the senior house + +03:19:20.019 --> 03:19:23.035 +community to address these disparities +and solve the senior house problem. + +03:19:26.009 --> 03:19:29.072 +She assembled a working group of +47 student leaders, faculty members, + +03:19:30.056 --> 03:19:33.088 +graduate residents, and administrators +to spark a turnaround for senior house. + +03:19:37.022 --> 03:19:40.043 +But in the spring 2017 +semester, the tone shifted. + +03:19:40.098 --> 03:19:43.064 +The turnaround meeting suddenly +ended, and instead, + +03:19:43.064 --> 03:19:46.056 +the MIT administration began +a closed door formal review. + +03:19:47.098 --> 03:19:52.015 +The chancellor's staff interrogated every +resident of Senior House individually + +03:19:52.015 --> 03:19:53.083 +with no legal representation. + +03:19:56.013 --> 03:19:59.080 +By the end of the semester, five Senior +House sophomores face disciplinary. + +03:20:00.006 --> 03:20:04.060 +For legal drug activity, allegedly having +purchased bulk orders of cocaine via the + +03:20:04.060 --> 03:20:09.048 +dark net. Coincidentally, the tour +project, which maintains the dark net, + +03:20:09.070 --> 03:20:11.056 +was created by an alum of senior house. + +03:20:13.062 --> 03:20:17.052 +The crackdown continued, the +administration shut down stairs, + +03:20:17.069 --> 03:20:21.016 +an annual festival where countless senior +house alumni were turned to their former + +03:20:21.016 --> 03:22:40.036 +home. In June, 2017, Barnhart's +committee announced Pilots 2021, + +03:22:40.071 --> 03:22:44.048 +a new program where all residents of senior +House must be formally admitted by the + +03:22:44.048 --> 03:22:45.032 +MIT administration. + +03:22:46.073 --> 03:22:50.016 +It was simply too dangerous to allow +senior house's culture to continue. + +03:22:50.053 --> 03:22:54.000 +So the Chancellor's Office attempted +to create an entirely new one from scratch, + +03:22:54.032 --> 03:22:57.084 +built on the principles of career +exploration, food and cooking, + +03:22:58.006 --> 03:22:59.060 +and mind and body wellness. + +03:23:11.018 --> 03:23:12.068 +The crowd was into it. + +03:23:12.088 --> 03:23:16.032 +There was lots of sweets and mugs. + +03:23:16.032 --> 03:23:18.040 +So overall, great event + +03:23:37.093 --> 03:23:40.068 +Fizzled out, but the result was final. + +03:23:41.031 --> 03:23:42.068 +Senior house was dead. + +03:23:42.070 --> 03:23:43.012 +I'm + +03:23:43.012 --> 03:23:44.016 +Gonna lose it. + +03:23:46.056 --> 03:23:48.000 +Substance abuse. + +03:23:48.097 --> 03:23:53.036 +In the fall of 2017, MIT announced +that senior house would be converted into + +03:23:53.036 --> 03:23:54.052 +housing for graduate students. + +03:23:55.003 --> 03:23:58.068 +From then onward, it would +be known as 70 Amherst Street. + +03:24:00.074 --> 03:24:04.060 +The national media viewed this saga as +yet another turning point in university's + +03:24:04.060 --> 03:24:08.000 +lurch towards total safety +Wired magazine contended. + +03:24:08.010 --> 03:24:11.012 +The knowledge economy means people +need more and more schooling, + +03:24:11.012 --> 03:24:13.044 +which in turn extends the +length of adolescence. + +03:24:13.099 --> 03:24:17.092 +This has led to a trend of administration's +attempting to control every aspect of + +03:24:17.092 --> 03:24:21.072 +student's lives. It sets up a +naturally combative relationship, + +03:24:21.072 --> 03:24:25.008 +especially in an environment +as academically difficult as mit. + +03:24:25.095 --> 03:24:28.052 +It's you, the student against the I. + +03:24:29.083 --> 03:24:32.082 +Uh, it used to be the students were +in charge of absolutely everything. + +03:24:32.092 --> 03:24:37.042 +The students were the desk workers who +did security, did packages, sold stamps, + +03:24:37.042 --> 03:24:41.002 +sold soda, you know, whatever, rented +out movies, whatever they wanted. + +03:24:41.027 --> 03:24:44.058 +Uh, students were in charge of keeping, +uh, kitchens cleaned, you know, + +03:24:44.058 --> 03:24:48.038 +in charge of a lot more around +the dorm than they currently are. + +03:24:48.066 --> 03:24:52.018 +Like one by one, like responsibility +is being taken away. + +03:24:52.018 --> 03:24:55.034 +Students these days have to jump +through so many hoops to do anything. + +03:24:55.034 --> 03:24:59.090 +There's, there's, there's so much liability +that they have to worry about that we + +03:24:59.090 --> 03:25:01.018 +just did not worry about. + +03:25:01.080 --> 03:25:02.022 +And + +03:25:02.050 --> 03:25:05.077 +Drinking the destruction of senior house +left the east side with just two dorms, + +03:25:05.089 --> 03:25:07.066 +Random Hall and East Campus. + +03:25:08.036 --> 03:25:12.045 +And a clock was ticking on the west +side of campus where Burton was physically + +03:25:12.045 --> 03:25:19.042 +crumbling. Years after the +closure of senior house, + +03:25:20.003 --> 03:25:23.045 +MIT announced that East Campus and, +but would be shut down for maintenance. + +03:25:27.052 --> 03:25:28.002 +Each + +03:25:28.002 --> 03:25:32.010 +Round of maintenance comes with inia +of meals and to have placements to the dorms + +03:25:32.010 --> 03:25:33.066 +foundation, +There's a new dorm going up. + +03:25:33.092 --> 03:25:37.030 +And as soon as that's ready, as soon +as the other renovations and other dorms are + +03:25:37.030 --> 03:25:39.061 +done, they're gonna renovate East Campus +and they're gonna renovate it out of + +03:25:39.061 --> 03:25:42.038 +existence. The building may still +exist, it might still be a dorm, + +03:25:42.038 --> 03:25:44.094 +but they are going to make sure +that you're not painting murals, + +03:25:44.094 --> 03:25:48.034 +you're not modifying any portion, you're +not knocking holes in the wall to put in a + +03:25:48.034 --> 03:25:50.061 +fish tank. You know, you're not, +you're not doing any of the things. + +03:25:50.061 --> 03:25:54.058 +You're not given the freedom to express +yourself that the East side culture + +03:25:54.069 --> 03:25:55.038 +requires. + +03:26:01.067 --> 03:26:06.002 +There's so much variety +and so much choice, um, + +03:26:06.002 --> 03:26:07.094 +and so much independence for students. + +03:26:08.039 --> 03:26:13.058 +Uh, and I think that's like +very much linked to MIT's values, + +03:26:13.064 --> 03:26:20.042 +and I hope that people come to realize +that, who, uh, have control over, um, + +03:26:20.042 --> 03:26:21.014 +their future. + +03:27:15.031 --> 03:27:18.061 +In fall 2018, MIT Nano opened its doors. + +03:27:19.032 --> 03:27:22.061 +The 400 million facility was +itself an engineering marvel. + +03:27:22.088 --> 03:27:26.018 +And just like how the data center was +a commitment to computer science research, + +03:27:26.064 --> 03:27:30.014 +MIT Nano embodies the institute's commitment +to the future of nanotechnology + +03:27:44.043 --> 03:27:45.090 +Located on our third floor. + +03:27:46.002 --> 03:27:50.030 +The MIT Nano Immersion Lab is an environment +developing new software and hardware + +03:27:50.030 --> 03:27:51.094 +concepts for immersive experiences. + +03:27:58.064 --> 03:28:03.002 +Two weeks after MIT Nanos grand opening +president wife announced the Stephen a + +03:28:03.002 --> 03:28:06.042 +Schwarzman College of Computing wis +office called it the most significant + +03:28:06.053 --> 03:28:08.050 +restructuring of MIT in 70 years. + +03:28:09.027 --> 03:28:12.074 +My intent with this gift is +to make the world a better place + +03:28:17.019 --> 03:28:20.030 +Founded +On slavery and colonialism. + +03:28:22.059 --> 03:28:27.069 +At mit, we take very seriously at responsibility +to prepare our students to be + +03:28:27.069 --> 03:28:33.058 +leaders, and to be leaders in addressing +and solving the most important challenges + +03:28:33.064 --> 03:28:34.082 +the world is facing. + +03:28:35.035 --> 03:28:39.018 +We have done that for generations, +and we will continue to do that. + +03:28:39.018 --> 03:28:43.042 +And now more than ever, we need to prepare +students to understand the ethics and + +03:28:43.061 --> 03:28:46.058 +societal implications of these +technology and these advancements. + +03:28:46.058 --> 03:28:47.076 +And +We're in a unique. + +03:28:48.005 --> 03:28:51.013 +In history, but we actually can do those + +03:28:51.013 --> 03:28:51.513 +Things. + +03:28:53.042 --> 03:28:58.013 +The college established 50 new endowed +faculty chairs and it further solidified + +03:28:58.025 --> 03:29:01.044 +MIT's devotion to computation +and artificial intelligence. + +03:29:02.069 --> 03:29:05.020 +Hi, I'm Russell, and this is Spa. + +03:29:09.027 --> 03:29:09.527 +It's + +03:29:20.050 --> 03:29:25.049 +Hi everybody, and welcome to S 1 91. + +03:29:48.100 --> 03:30:29.009 +I am, um, + +03:30:37.038 --> 03:30:41.097 +On Thursday, March 5th, 2020, the Coronavirus +had established itself in the + +03:30:41.097 --> 03:30:46.073 +United States. However, the MIT administration +considered its risk to the campus + +03:30:46.073 --> 03:30:49.009 +community to be low, but just to be safe, + +03:30:49.050 --> 03:30:52.060 +MIT prohibited all social gatherings +of 150 people or more. + +03:30:53.032 --> 03:30:55.097 +That policy even applied +to campus preview weekend, + +03:30:56.000 --> 03:30:58.000 +which would be converted +to a virtual format. + +03:30:59.003 --> 03:31:01.081 +Course instruction, however, +would continue as normal. + +03:31:04.034 --> 03:31:10.000 +On Tuesday, March 10th, 2020, the administration +took a significant new step in + +03:31:10.025 --> 03:31:14.000 +response to the virus requiring all +students to evacuate campus within a week. + +03:31:15.082 --> 03:31:19.005 +At the time there were 92 +confirmed a presumptive covid, + +03:31:19.036 --> 03:31:20.068 +19 cases in the state of Massachusetts. + +03:31:24.061 --> 03:31:30.073 +On that day, thousands of students realized +that their MIT was gone and they had no + +03:31:30.073 --> 03:31:31.097 +idea if it would come back. + +03:32:09.088 --> 03:32:16.009 +80 years, 100,000 alumni, +trillions of dollars. + +03:32:18.016 --> 03:32:20.084 +What started as an idea +to better the world? + +03:32:20.084 --> 03:32:23.033 +Through technology has +become the gold standard. + +03:32:24.061 --> 03:32:28.020 +Through the tireless work of generations +of extremely talented people, + +03:32:29.002 --> 03:32:33.005 +the Massachusetts Institute of Technology +has grown from a patch of dirt into a + +03:32:33.005 --> 03:32:40.025 +city on a river. And yet, with all +our talent and all our resources, + +03:32:40.067 --> 03:32:44.089 +the Covid Pandemic brought this +institute to a halt already, + +03:32:45.063 --> 03:32:49.073 +MIT has demonstrated remarkable resilience, +and it is clear that the institute will + +03:32:49.073 --> 03:32:50.009 +survive, + +03:32:51.034 --> 03:32:52.052 +But it will not survive. + +03:32:52.052 --> 03:32:57.005 +Unchanged living groups and student clubs +do not have billion dollar endowments. + +03:32:57.049 --> 03:32:58.084 +Which of them will survive? + +03:32:59.067 --> 03:33:02.049 +And if they die, what +traditions will we lose? + +03:33:03.056 --> 03:33:04.005 +What + +03:33:04.005 --> 03:33:07.065 +Will take their place as students +return to their labs? + +03:33:08.011 --> 03:33:11.005 +What research will we conduct +and who will fund it? + +03:33:12.035 --> 03:33:19.002 +As we recover our balance and march on +with the progress, who is MIT going to be? \ No newline at end of file